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Directions For Questions
Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of these.
A new technology developed by Indian scientists for ecological restoration is helping in revival of mangroves degraded due to rising sea levels, climate change and human intrusion in the Sunderbans in West Bengal.
Ecological restoration means reviving native ecosystem in degraded areas while maintaining diversity of original flora and fauna through regeneration but bringing down the regeneration period to four-five. Natural regeneration takes longer time.
The restoration technology, developed by Krishna Ray (West Bengal State University, Kolkata) and Sandip Kumar Basak (Sarat Centenary College, Dhaniakhali), involves plantation of native salt-tolerant grasses and a diverse set of carefully identified mangrove species in different zones of degraded mangrove patches. It also involves the use of growth-promoting bacteria.
The Sundarbans is a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and is also a Unesco World Heritage site. Small coastal patches of mangroves are highly vulnerable and fragmentation of the ecosystem is creating barriers to species movement and dispersal.
The restoration method has been tested on a two-hectare degraded patch of mangroves in Ramganga village over the past five years and has been found more effective than monoculture of mangrove plantations as usually practiced. The project was initiated with help from the Department of Biotechnology in 2013 and is now likely to be extended to 100 acres.
The transplantation started in November 2014, initially at a moderately degraded patch and was then extended to severely degraded zones. “Mangrove forests having high diversity are more stable than those having less species diversity and diverse multispecies mangrove forests are more resilient to sea level rise. Species for plantation in different zones which have different salinity level were selected based on their salt-tolerance levels,” Ray told India Science Wire.
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Which of the following state the observation that resulted from the testing of the restoration method?
I. The practice of growing a single type of mangrove plantation is the most effective form of restoration method.
II. It is imperative to plant a mixture of different mangrove plants to create an effective restoration of degraded patches of land.
III. Two hectares of land is required for the restorative process to succeed.
IV. The practice of growing a single type of mangrove plantation is not the most effective form of restoration method.
As per the passage the restoration method was tested out on a two-hectare land for five years to arrive at certain conclusions. Thus, statement III is negated as it is part of the process and not the result. As per the passage, the method is more successful when a variety of plants are used for the process of restoration as opposed to the use of a single type of vegetation. Thus, both statements II and IV can be considered to be the results from the testing. Statement II is from the perspective of using different varieties, while statement IV is from the perspective of using a single variety. This makes option D the correct answer.
Which of the following best expresses the same meaning as the word “vulnerable” as used in the passage?
I. Endangered
II. Impuissant
III. Exposed
In context of the given passage, ‘vulnerable’ means exposed to the possibility of being harmed physically.
‘Endangered’ means (of a species) seriously at risk of extinction. ‘Impuissant’ means unable to take effective action. ‘Exposed’ means in a vulnerable position or situation. Thus, both I and III are synonymous with the given word. This makes option D the correct answer.
With reference to the passage, what does the following segment mean? “…were selected based on their salt-tolerance levels,”
The passage is about a new technology that is being applied in the Sundarbans mangrove forest to restore the patches that are suffering from degradation. The given segment is part of the sentence – ‘Species for plantation in different zones which have different salinity level were selected based on their salt-tolerance levels,”…’. Thus, the species of plants being selected is based on two things – the soil salinity level and the plant’s tolerance level. This is reflected in option A making it the correct answer.
The following segment from the passage carries some grammatical error(s). Choose the correct alternative from the given options. If the sentence is correct, mark the last option, “No correction required” as the answer.
“The Sundarbans is a protected wetland under the Ramsar Convention and is also a Unesco World Heritage site.”
The word ‘UNESCO’ may begin with a vowel ‘u’ but while pronouncing it, the word begins with a ‘yu’ sound and hence the article ‘an’ cannot be used before it. Article 'the' can also not precede UNESCO as the context here is that the Sundarbans is one among many heritage sites of UNESCO. Thus, the given sentence needs no correction making option E the correct answer.
In the given statement some words have been highlighted. These words may not be at the correct place making the sentence grammatically and contextually incorrect. Choose the option which represents the correct sequence of words, which will make the sentence grammatically and contextually correct. If the sentence is correct as it is, choose E i.e. ‘No rearrangement required’ as your answer.
Suffering is the food (A), and if animal suffering were eliminated (B) or significantly minimized, killing (C) animals would not be such a big deal and that’s the applies (D) moral thinking on animal ethics, and it conventional (E) not only to the use of animals for problem (F) but to all animal use.
The correct sentence is: Suffering is the problem (A), and if animal suffering were eliminated (B) or significantly minimized, killing (C) animals would not be such a big deal and that’s the conventional (D) moral thinking on animal ethics, and it applies (E) not only to the use of animals for food (F) but to all animal use.
In the sentence given below, six words have been highlighted, which may or may not be correctly placed (grammatically or contextually). Rearrange the words to make the sentence grammatically correct. One of the words may be contextually incorrect and should be replaced by the word provided in the alternatives. Choose the option which represents the correct order of words and the appropriate replacement of the inappropriate word. If none of the given options is correct, choose ‘None of the above’ as your answer.
Almost 3,400 years ago, the extensive (A) Thutmose said goodbye to the warren (B) compound – a sculptor (C) of workshops, courtyards and living accommodation for artists and relocate (D) – that had been both his home and his workplace for more than a decade since King Akhenaten was dead and his young successor (E), Tutankhamen, had decided to apprentices (F) the royal court to Thebes.
The correct sequence of rearrangement is CABFED. The adjective ‘extensive’, meaning covering a large area, is a misfit at position A, since it is qualifying the following noun ‘Thutmose’. Of the remaining emboldened words, either ‘sculptor’, meaning a person who creates sculptures out of material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or ‘successor’, meaning someone who follows and takes the position that was held by another can qualify Thutmose. Since ‘successor’ is contextually fit at its given position, ‘sculptor’ will be used at position A. This leaves position C vacant and in need of a noun to aptly complement ‘workshops’, ‘courtyards’, and ’living accommodation’. ‘Warren’, meaning a very crowded and confusing building or part of a city in which it is easy to get lost can be used in this position. This, in turn, leaves position B vacant and in need of an appropriate adjective to qualify ‘compound’. ‘Extensive’ becomes contextually fit at this position. Of the two remaining words ‘relocate’ and ‘apprentices’, the latter, meaning someone who has agreed to work for a skilled person for a particular period of time and often for low payment, in order to learn that person's skills, will fit at position D to complement ‘artists’. ‘Relocate’ will fit at position F to denote movement.
Fashion (A) is very best (B) in girl world, so fortify (C)your daughter the important (D) dress for the best price will finding (E) her security when she is amongst her peers. (F)
Note that ‘Fashion’ at A is correct as it would be the subject of the sentence. At B ‘best’ is incorrect as we already have the quantifier ‘very’ present there. Of the emboldened words ‘important’ with very makes proper sense. So, AD would be the starting sequence. Now note that next in the sequence would be E, as after so, ideally, we need a gerund to convey actual sense of the sentence. Of the highlighted words, ‘finding’ appears to be the apt fit at the third place. Fourth place would be taken by ‘Best’ (B) modifying the noun ‘dress’ aptly. Next would-be C as ‘will’ would take the verb in its base form. Thus, the correct sequence would be ADEBCF. Thus, option D is the correct answer.
In the given question, a phrase is given for the statements I, II and III. Choose the pair of sentences which can be combined using the given connector.
Phrase: As well as
Statement I. He would have to clear the cut off for the mains examination.
Statement II. He needed to score well in the physical examination.
Statement: III. He failed to impress the panel during the interview.
The phrase ‘as well as’ implies ‘in addition to’. This means that the sentences to be connected need to have similar intonations. Both Statements I and II have positive connotations, while statement III has a negative one. Thus, only statement I and II can be connected using the phrase ‘as well as’.
Sentence: “He would have to clear the cut off for the mains examination, as well as score well in the physical examination.”
Phrase: changes are likely to emerge in different parts of the world in the next two decades
I. Even if adequate efforts are made to keep the global rise in temperatures within 1.5 degree Celsius from pre-industrial times.
II. The world faces unavoidable multiple climate
III. The latest report warns that multiple disasters induced by climate
As the phrase talks about a change, ‘climate change’ can be the phrase that we can connect by looking at the options. But choosing statement II would ride the sentence grammatically wrong. If we start the sentence with III and then connect the phrase, it starts to make sense saying that some latest reports have raised an alarm that the climate change is inducing multiple disasters and is likely to cause a huge damage in the next to decades, even if the temperatures are kept in range of 1.5 degrees. Thus, option C is the correct answer, with the new sentence being:
The correct sentence would be: “The latest report warns that multiple disasters induced by climate change are likely to emerge in different parts of the world in the next two decades, even if adequate efforts are made to keep the global rise in temperatures within 1.5 degree Celsius from pre-industrial times.”
Phrase: But now
I. Till now, brain scientists have focused on how the brain seems to be primarily driven by momentary stimulation from the environment when we engage in specific tasks.
II. It is becoming increasingly clear that the brain is not solely extrinsically driven by information coming from the environment.
III. According to the second law of thermodynamics, over time a system tends to go from order to disorder.
The connected sentence is: Till now, brain scientists have focused on how the brain seems to be primarily driven by momentary stimulation from the environment when we engage in specific tasks but now it is becoming increasingly clear that the brain is not solely extrinsically driven by information coming from the environment.
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