The correct answer is A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Development refers to a person's growth from conception to death during their entire lives. Development is referred to as recurring patterns of change. It includes both the cognitive and social components of development in addition to the biological and physical aspects of growth.

Principle of Interrelation: A person's growth can be seen in how well all parts of life are related to one another. Any change in one area has an impact on the other area as well. The inter-relation concept states that a child's cognitive development is influenced by their physical condition as well as by their abilities and impairments.

The correct answer is A. Development is sequential.

The Principle of Sequentiality asserts that while each individual experiences change differently, they all change in the same order. There are two types of these sequences: Proximodistal and cephalocaudal are two examples. This idea demonstrates how all children go through the same developmental process.

Example: A child learns to crawl before learning to walk. Master to walk before standing up, learn the alphabet before reading a book. Children chatter before they start to speak, and they first grip objects with their entire hand before switching to just their fingers.

Developmental stage theories split child development into various phases that are distinguished by qualitative changes in behaviour. There are a variety of perspectives on how psychological and physical development progresses throughout life. According to the discontinuity theory of development, humans go through stages of life that are qualitatively distinct from one another. Children, for example, progress from being able to think only in very literal terms to being able to think abstractly. They've entered the 'abstract thinking' stage of their existence. As you might expect, discontinuous development is akin to climbing a set of stairs: a sequence of stages or steps that lead to the summit. All other given options are inappropriate.

NEP 2020 proposes shift from formative to summative assessment is not a correct statement regarding proposals made by National Education Policy 2020 (NEP). NPE 2020 focuses on regular, formative and competency- based assessment, that promoted learning and development of students and testing their higher-order skills.

The Right of Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 is an act of Parliament that was enacted on 4 August 2009 with a view to providing free and compulsory education to children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India as a Fundamental Right. According to Article 21- The School shall constitute a School Management Committee consisting of the elected representatives of the local authority, parents or guardians of children admitted and teachers.

There are provisions for the number of hours of instruction to be provided to the students in an academic session or a whole year.

* 800 hours of instruction per academic year for class 1st- 5th.

* 1000 hours of instruction per academic year for class 6th- 8th.

Emotional intelligence is the ability to monitor one’s own and other feelings and emotions.

● The four aspects of emotional intelligence are:

â Emotional perception

â Emotional integration

â Emotional understanding

â Emotional management

● Teacher and students having emotional intelligence can improve their relationship:

â By understanding the causes of their feelings

â Being good at managing one’s own anger.

â Being good at listening to what other people are saying.

â Being motivated to share and cooperate.

â Deal with stressful situations in a tactful manner.

At the Post-conventional level of moral development, people begin to account for the differing values and beliefs of other people; they agree that rules are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards.

The correct answer is C. (i) (iii) (iv).

* Development is a lifelong process that happens continuously, with different ages experiencing varied rates of development.

* Because it develops in a manner resembling that of the cephelocaudal and proximodistal regions, development can occasionally be predicted.

* All developmental domains, including the cognitive, emotional, and psychomotor ones, are interconnected.

* According to Woodworth, development is a result of both inheritance and environment. Developments were dependent on both heredity and environment.Example: Due to inheritance, the child's eyes and hair are the same colour as their parents'.

* Children can pick up a lot from their immediate environment, including peer groups, society, and school culture.

* The rate of growth is influenced by a variety of elements, including environment, diet, physical capabilities, limitations, biological factors, etc.

Learning is defined as the acquisition of new information and development is about putting that knowledge to work in order to achieve goals and advance as a leader. Learning, according to Vygotsky, is a process that occurs at any time in ordinary life and is not solely a result of external factors. Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) theory broadened learning and development by positing that learning occurs before development.

Sex is typically classified as either female or male, but there is variation in the biological characteristics that comprise sex and how those characteristics are expressed. Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions, and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and people who are gender diverse. Gender is a social concept that refers to the social and cultural differences that a society assigns to people based on their sex. So, the correct statement will be: The term sex refers to biological difference whereas gender refers to traits and behaviors that are particular culture deems appropriate for men and women.