• The 42^nd Amendment to the Constitution of India was enacted in 1976. The Amendment: attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts, added Article 51 A, which contained the Fundamental Duties for citizens and added Socialist, Secular, and Integrity added to the Preamble of the Constitution.

• The Amendment transferred five subjects (Education, Forests, Weight & Measures, Protection of Wild Animals and Birds, and Administration of Justice) from the state list to the concurrent list.

• The Amendment also added the four new Directive principles of the state policy.

• Due to the scale of changes introduced, this amendment is also known as ‘mini-Constitution’.

Hence, Option B is correct.

Secularism as a Western term is defined as the separation of powers of church & State. In the context of the other societies, it is near-complete freedom of religion and the lack of authority of religious leaders over the political matters. Democracy is not a pre-requisite for establishing a secular state though secularism works best when adapted with a democratic system.

Hence, Option C is correct.

• Equality of status and equality of opportunity is mentioned in Preamble."Hence statement 1 is correct".

• The 42nd Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". "Hence statement 2 is also correct".

Additional Info:

• In 1946, Objective Resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru, describing the constitutional structure. In 1947 (22nd January) it was adopted.

• It was enacted after the enactment of the entire Constitution of India

• The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.

• The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief, faith and worship

• Ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble are borrowed from the Soviet Union (Russia) Constitution

• Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity are borrowed from the French Constitution

• Preamble, in itself, has been first introduced through the American Constitution.

Radical Socialism is not an Indian form of socialism.

Radical socialism is used to describe a socialist system with no tolerance for capitalism.

"Hence Option B is correct".

Additional Info:

• Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist economy, or an alternative form of decentralised planned socialist.

• Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community.

• Nehru Socialism means greater equality of opportunity, social justice, and more equitable distribution of higher incomes, ending of acute social disparities generated by feudalism and capitalism and application of scientific approach to the problems of society.