Evolution is the gradual change of race due to variation is course of time. It is the history and development of race along with variations. Evolution is a continuous process and takes millions of years to evolve a new species.

Origin of universe is explained by big bang theory. According to this theory, whole universe was concentrated into single sphere. Due to same unknown region, there was explosion in it that forms different galaxies still moving away from each other.

According to abiogenesis theory of origin of life, life originated from non-living matter like gases, inorganic substance and water at particular temperature and pressure.

Fossils are dead remains of plants and animals buried inside the earth crust millions of year ago. Fossils are commonly preserved in sedimentary rock as this kinds of rocks are formed layer by layer in course of time.

The first organisms were chemo heterotrophs. This is because, oxygen was absent on previous earth when organisms have evolved. Chemo heterotrophs can obtain energy from chemicals like sulpher and phosphorus.

Fossils are generally found in sedimentary rocks.

Darwin judged the fitness of an individual by number of offspring the individual produce in particular niche. More the viable offspring formed the more fit the organism in that surrounding.

Lamarck theory of organic evolution is also known as inheritance of acquired traits. He believed that the character an individual gain in his life time is also passed to next generation.

Process of evolution of different species in a given area starting from a point and radiating to another area of geography (habitats) is called adaptive radiation.  Example : Darwinian finches and Australian marsupials.

Adaptive radiation is the process of evolution in which different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and radiating to other geographical area.

Genetic drift is loss of gene from the population of species due to migration, death etc. Genetic drift is also called Sewall Wright effect.

Camouflage is a method to avoid predators from praying by mixing with surroundings. Praying mantis is an example of camouflage.

The animals of cold countries have relatively shorter and poorly developed ear, eyes, hair and other phenotypic characters to avoid cold condition. This way of avoiding cold is called Allen’s law.

Cycas, a gymnosperm is called the living fossil because they have been evolved in Jurassic period and still survive in present climatic condition.

The correct option is Option C.

Divergent evolution is the process whereby groups from the same common ancestor evolve and accumulate differences, resulting in the formation of new species. Divergent evolution creates homologous organs.

Homologous organs are the organs which have similar structure and different function and have the same developmental origin (related through common descent). For example, the thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita. Thorns and tendrils both are axillary in position and are the modifications of axillary buds. But they both perform different functions as thorns are for protection and tendrils are for support.

Hence tendrils in plants are an example of divergent evolution.

So, the correct answer is 'Divergent evolution'.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot be disturbed by vegetative propagation as the all new offspring are clone of each other having same gene. Migration, genetic drift, mutation and natural selection affect the equilibrium of alleles in a population.

Phylogenetic trees shows links between organisms that show branching pattern of evolutionary relationship. In this pattern, the organism that evolves earlier is shown below and further sub branching represent newly evolved organisms.

Human belongs to a species of Homo sapiens, where Homo represents genus and sapiens represent specific epithet under the class Mammalia.

Avetism is the tendency to revert to ancestral type. It is a kind of evolutionary throwback, such as traits reappearing which had disappeared generation before. Baby born with small tail is a case of atavism.

Vestigial organs are those organs which were functional in our ancestor but become functionless in present form of human beings. Nail is not a vestigial organ of man as it is still functional in our body.

The correct order of geological periods is Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Coenozoic. Each period have characteristic plants and animals evolved over the period of time.

Environmental variation is the change in traits due to environmental factors like temperature, humidity, soil water precipitation etc. Dying hair colour blue or any other colour is environmental variation.

The short statured, heavy eye brows, retreating foreheads, large jaws with heavy teeth and stocky bodies humans are called Neanderthal human.

Home sapiens and Homo erectus in differ in their size of brain capacity. The size of brain of Homo erectus was smaller than Homo sapiens.

One of the first attempts to explain the mechanism of evolution was made by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. His theory of evolution is known as Lamarckism in which he explained inheritance of acquired characters which states that whatever an individual acquires characters in its life time due to internal vital force, effect of environment, new needs and use and disuse of organs, they are inherited to the next generations. The process continues. After several generations, the variations are accumulated upto such extent that they give rise to new species.