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Humulin is the term used for
Humulin is human insulin used for treating diabetes. Prior to its development, diabetics used insulin isolated from pig and cow pancreases.
Conversion of sugar into alcohol during fermentation is due to the direct action of
The overall process of fermentation is to convert glucose sugar (C6H12O6) to alcohol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The reactions within the yeast to make this happen are very complex but the overall process is as follows:
C6H12O6 ⇒ 2(CH3CH2OH) + 2(CO2)
Sugar ⇒ Alcohol + Carbon dioxide gas.
The most important type of fermentation is alcoholic fermentation, in which the action of zymase secreted by yeast converts simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose, into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
The term antibiotic was coined by
The term 'antibiotics' was first time used by SA Waksman in 1945. Antibiotics are the substances which are produced by microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria. These substances are harmful to the growth of other microorganisms, example of some of the antibiotics are penicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, etc.
Rennin used in cheese industry is
Chymosin, also known as rennin, a milk-clotting enzyme obtained from the stomach of calves, is used in the manufacture of cheese. The production of this enzyme by recombinant DNA technology is now becoming possible. A new source of this enzyme to replace or supplement the animal product or similar, naturally occurring fungal enzymes will be of great economic value.
A compound which is produced by an organism and inhibits the growth of other organism is called
The word antibiotic means "destructive of life". Antibiotics are chemical substances, produced by living organisms or synthesized (created) in laboratories for purpose of killing other organisms that cause diseases. Xenobiotics is any substance foreign to living organisms. It includes drugs, pesticides and carcinogens. Detoxification of such substances occurs mainly in the liver. An antibody is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system. Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune systems of most animals in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumor cells. Interferons belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines.
Genetically engineered bacteria have been used in commercial production of
Genetic engineering is the transfer of DNA from one organism to another using biotechnology. The organism receiving the DNA is said to be genetically modified (GM).Organisms are genetically modified in order to give them a combination of genes (genotype) that will result in them having desirable physical characteristics (phenotype). Often the desirable characteristic is simply the ability to produce large quantities of a useful protein.Bacterial cells can be genetically modified so that they have the gene for producing human insulin. As these modified bacteria grow, they produce human insulin. This protein can be purified and supplied to diabetics.
Which one of the following is not true about antibiotics
The statement (d) is wrong regarding to antibiotics because antibiotics are divided into two categories depending upon their effect
(i) Broad spectrum antibiotics They have ability to act on several pathogenic species differing from each others in structure and composition of cell wall.
(ii) Specific antibiotics They act on a few similar type of pathogens.
Antibiotics are mostly obtained from
Penicillin is produced by strains of the fungus Penicillium notatum and P. chrysogenum. Most of the other antibiotics in clinical use are produced by actinomycetes, particularly streptomycetes (natural antibiotics).
Which one of the microorganism is used for production of citric acid in industries ?
Microorganisms can produce citric acid. The fungus Aspergillus Niger is most commonly used for industrial production of citric acid. The other organisms (although less important) include A. clavatus, A. wentii, Penicillium luteum, Candida catenula, C. guilliermondii and Corynebacterium sp.
Important objective of biotechnology in agriculture section is
Pest resistant varieties are produced by selective breeding and hybridisation.
The new strain of bacteria produced by biotechnology in alcohol industry is
Pseudomonas putida F1 (Bacteria 6.2 Mb) is a versatile environmental isolate that is capable of growth on several aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and p -cymene. Its broad substrate toluene dioxygenase has been widely utilized in biocatalytic syntheses of chiral chemicals, as well as in the metabolism and detoxification of TCE, and in the production of indigo from indole. P. putida F1 is known to be chemotactic to aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated aliphatic compounds and has the potential for use in bioremediation applications.
Which one of the following is used in the manufacture of alcohol ?
The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice. In the absence of oxygen, yeast converts the sugars of wine grapes into alcohol and carbon dioxide through the process of fermentation.
The name of drug used in cancer treatment produced by biotechnology is
Human interferon alpha (hIFN) is a wide biological activity cytokine that is used in hepatitis and cancer treatments. It regulates many genes that are involved in antiviral and antiproliferative activities.
The prerequisites for biotechnological production of antibiotics is
Propionic-bacteria is an important source of
Biomass of the bacteria from the Propionibacterium genus constitutes sources of vitamins from the B group, including B 12, trehalose and numerous bacteriocins. These bacteria are also capable of synthesizing organic acids such as propionic acid and acetic acid.Cobalamin also called as vitamin B12, it is an important vitamin for the normal formation of red blood cells and for the health of the nerve tissues. Undetected and untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia and permanent nerve and brain damage.
The microorganism grown on molasses and sold as a food flavouring substance is
The strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungus is commonly known as baker's yeast. The organism is widely used in baking industry. It has the ability to produce desirable flavor. The organisms are added to the dough of bread and cakes and allowed to perform fermentation. The fermentation is brought by converting the fermentable sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide. The organisms are also cultured or grown on molasses. They bring about the anaerobic fermentation and this helps in providing flavor to the substance.
Thus, the correct answer is option A.
Formation of vinegar from alcohol is caused by
Acetic acid (Vinegar) : It is most important acid being produced by two step fermentation of sugarcane juice by yeast and Acetobacter aceti bacteria.
Which one of the following is used in industrial preparation of ethanol ?
Biogas consists of
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste or any other biodegradable feedstock, under anaerobic conditions. Biogas is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. It also contains smaller amounts of hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, hydrogen, methylmercaptans and oxygen.
Bio-energy is the energy obtained from
The energy obtained from biological sources is called bioenergy. Bioenergy is the use of biomass (organic matter) to produce electricity, transportation fuels or chemicals. Bioenergy sources include agriculture and forestry residues and the organic components of municipal and industrial wastes. Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum and natural gas) is not included under bioenergy.
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