Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the fission rate of uranium and plutonium. They are composed of chemical elements such as boron, silver, indium and cadmium that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves fissioning.

To find activity of the sample --->which is the rate of disintegration.

Since radioactivity comes under 1^o kinetics.

[R]=k[A]     [A]-->amount of initial sample 10¹⁸ atoms

Given,

Half-life=2days

K=0.693/2x24x60x60 sec

R=(0.693/2x24x60x60)x10¹⁸

R≈3.5x10¹² Bq

A gamma ray, or gamma radiation, is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest photon energy.

A beta particle forms when a neutron changes the mass number stays the same.
Example
Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 by emitting a beta particle. This is the balanced equation for the reaction:

Notice that:

• the mass number of the nucleus stays the same, 14
• the atomic number of the nucleus increases by 1, from 6 to 7
• the numbers at the top and bottom give the same totals on both sides, as (7 - 1) = 6

Nitrogen nuclei have 7 protons, so their nuclear charge is +7. They have one more proton than carbon nuclei, which have 6 protons and so a nuclear charge of +6.
 

In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy.