The correct answer is Primitive.

Key Points

• Primitive communism characterized by a high degree of sharing and minimal social inequality. 
• Primitive communism is a way of describing the gift economies of hunter-gatherers throughout history, where resources and property hunted or gathered are shared with all members of a group in accordance with individual needs. 
• Primitive communism was a concept put forward by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who proposed that the traditional hunters and gatherers were based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership.

The correct answer is Social Mobility.

Key Points

• Social mobility is the movement of a person from one status to another, either between generations or within a person's adult career. 
• Social mobility refers to the shift in an individual’s social status from one status to another. The shift can either be higher, lower, inter-generational, or intra-generational, and it cannot necessarily be determined if the change is for good or bad. 
• Russian-born American sociologist and political activist Pitirim Sorokin first introduced the concept of social mobility in his book “Social and Cultural Mobility.”
• He states that there is no society that is completely open (such as the class system) and no society that is completely closed (like the caste system in India).

The correct answer is Class.

Key Points

• In today's world, three main systems of stratification remain: slavery, a caste system, and a class system.
• Class stratification is a form of social stratification in which a society is separated into parties whose members have different access to resources and power. An economic, natural, cultural, religious, interests and ideal rift usually exists between different classes. 
• Of the three systems of stratification discussed so far, class systems are by far the most open, meaning they have the most vertical mobility.

The correct answer is Kingsley Davis and Moore.

Key Points

• Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E Moore argued that stratification exists in all human society. They have described in functionalist terms how the system survives and operates efficiently. One such prerequisite is effective role allocation and performance. This means that:
  • All roles must be filled
  • They must be filled by those best able to perform them
  • The necessary training for them must be undertaken
  • The roles must be performed conscientiously.
• Davis and Moore argued that all societies need some ‘mechanism’ for ensuring effective role allocation and performance. This mechanism is social stratification.

The correct answer is H. J. Nieboer.

Key Points

• The slavery system is an extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are owned by others as their property.
• The slave owner has full control including using violence over the slave.
• The slavery system has existed sporadically at many times and places but there are two major examples of slavery - societies of the ancient world based upon slavery (Greek and Roman) and southern states of USA in the 18th and 19th centuries.
• According to H. J. Nieboer the basis of slavery is always economic because with it emerged a kind of aristocracy which lived upon slave labour

The correct answer is Estate System.

Key Points

• The Estate System is synonymous with Feudalism.
• The feudal estates had three important characteristics. In the first place they were legally defined; each estate had a status with legal rights and duties, privileges and obligations.
• Secondly the estates represented a broad division of labor and were regarded as having definite functions. The nobility were ordained to defend all, the clergy to pray for all and the commons to provide food for all.
• Thirdly the feudal estates were political groups. An assembly of estates possessed political power. 

The correct answer is Warner.

Key Points

• W. Lloyd Warner (born Oct. 26, 1898, Redlands, Calif., U.S., died May 23, 1970, Chicago, Ill.) was an influential American sociologist and anthropologist who was noted for his studies on class structure.
• Warner developed a social scheme according to which people determine personal social identity.
• The classification consisted of six levels of social class : Upper, Middle, and Lower (each further divided into upper and lower) that is still in use today.
• Warner’s studies of the social class systems within American society became a model for administrators of governmental and institutional programs.
• He attempted to comprehend the complexities of social stratification as well as economic institutions and human traditions.

The correct answer is L. T. Hobhouse.

Key Points

• The slavery system is an extreme form of inequality in which some individuals are owned by others as their property.
• The slave owner has full control including using violence over the slave.
• L.T Hobhouse defined slave as a man whom law and custom regard as the property of another.
• The slavery system has existed sporadically at many times and places but there are two major examples of slavery - societies of the ancient world based upon slavery (Greek and Roman) and southern states of USA in the 18th and 19th centuries.

The correct answer is MacIver and Page.

Key Points

• ​According to MacIver and Page when status is wholly predetermined so that men are born to their lot without any hope of changing it, then the class takes the extreme form of caste. 
• Nesfield defines a caste as ‘a class of the community which disowns any connection with any other class and can neither intermarry nor eat or drink with any but persons of their own community.’ 
• According to Risley, “a caste may be defined as a collection of families or groups of families bearing a common name; claiming common descent from a mythical ancestor; human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling; and regarded by those who are competent to give opinions as forming a singly homogenous community.

The correct answer is Chathurvarna.

Key Points

• The caste stratification of the Indian society had its origin in the chaturvarna system.
• According to this doctrine the Hindu society was divided into four main varnas - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.
• The Varna system prevalent during the Vedic period was mainly based on division of labor and occupation.
• Earlier there were only three varnas, the Shudras were added later and occupational division was not rigid.
• Caste is an endogamous group having a relatively independent culture and structural existence. The caste system owns its origin to the Varna system.