number of chromatid is double of chromosome and in G₂ it is 4 time to pair of chromosome

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. This energy is essential for various cellular activities, including growth, repair, and maintenance. Unlike photosynthesis, which occurs in plants and some bacteria to produce food, cellular respiration is a universal process found in all living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, highlighting its fundamental role in life.

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, where one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a net gain of ATP and NADH in the process. Oxygen is not a product of glycolysis; instead, it is a reactant in aerobic respiration that occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is present. This distinction is crucial for understanding cellular energy production mechanisms.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) serves as the primary energy currency of the cell. It captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. This role is critical for maintaining cellular function and supporting life's energy demands, making ATP an essential molecule in all living organisms.

In aerobic respiration, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. This process occurs in the mitochondria, where electrons are transferred through a series of complexes, ultimately combining with oxygen and protons to form water. This step is crucial for the generation of ATP, highlighting oxygen's vital role in efficiently producing energy.

Glycolysis does not require oxygen and can occur under anaerobic conditions. It is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism. In contrast, the Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Oxidative phosphorylation all occur in the presence of oxygen, making them components of aerobic respiration.

32 gamets obtained when 5 pair of chromosome present

Glucose is not a product of the light reactions of photosynthesis. The light reactions primarily produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. Glucose is synthesized during the Calvin cycle, which is part of the dark reactions, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Interesting fact: The separation of photosynthesis into light and dark reactions highlights the process's efficiency, allowing for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy and then into storage molecules like glucose.