Commodification refers to tagging something which is not attributed as a commodity for sale in markets. It can be any aspect of the society like values, beliefs, language, culture etc. It is an ethnocentric way of looking into other sub-cultures from a major cultural point of view.

‘Suicide’ is a book written by Emile Durkheim in the year 1897 which highlights the social causes of suicide. Thomas Robert Malthus wrote the book ‘An Essay on the Principle of Population’ published in the year 1798. Here he came up with concepts like arithmetic progression and geometric progression in terms of expansion of population.

The idea of ‘Failure of Entitlements’ was propounded by the famous Indian economist Amartya Sen. This idea was given as a part of contribution to the theory of poverty and famines.

The concept of ‘mass sterilisation’ is associated with Sanjay Gandhi. India had to enter into a phase of emergency in the year 1976 when people were forced to undergo sterilization as a population control measure during the tenure of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. 

Westernisation as a process of social change began with the advent of colonialism in the 15th century. It paved the way for introduction of western system of education, and western cultural way of living.

The process of modernisation came as a succeeding process of social change to westernization which became evident from 16th to 18th century world order. Under this process, the rusted ideas of the society such as age old customs, superstitious beliefs gradually faded away and there was room for rational thinking.

Sanskritization is a social change process associated with Indian social context. It was propounded by the famous Indian Sociologist Prof. M.N Srinivas in his valued work “Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India.” This concept was used in 1950s to explain cultural mobility in relation to the ongoing caste system of India.
Secularisation came up in 1960s in Britain and most of the western European nations which subdued the power of religious institutions and their monastic powers. It laid stress on separation of law, order and policy making from religious interference and influence.

In 1950s, the Indian agricultural sector contributed more than half of its share in the country’s GDP. But post 2018, the share has continued to decline with a sharp increase in the contribution of service sector towards the economy.

Alice Thorner’s Semi Feudalism or Capitalism (1982)

M.N Srinivas’s The Dominant Caste and Other Essays (1987)

Dipankar Gupta’s Social Stratification (1991)

Ruten Mario’s Farms and Factories (1995)

The word ‘dikus’ means outsiders. Dikus were the people who made the tribal people dependent upon them, thereby causing them a lot of misery and suffering.

These divisions were not very elaborate or very rigid, and only four major divisions were not determined by birth.

Caste groups are endogamous, i.e.marriage is restricted to members of the group.

In 1947 India got independence.

The 1901 census under the direction of herbert Risley was particularly important as it sought to collect information on the social hierarchy of caste, i.e., the social order of precedence in particular regions, as to the position of each caste in the rank order.