The correct answer is Forty - Second Amendment Act, 1976.

Key Points

• The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the Forty-Second Amendment Act of 1976.
• The Fundamental Duties are a set of moral obligations and responsibilities that every citizen of India is expected to follow.
• The concept of Fundamental Duties was inspired by the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
• The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

Additional Information

• The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984, this amendment included 14 land reform acts in the Ninth Schedule.The states of Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, as well as the union territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu, passed these laws
• Forty-Fourth Amendment Act 1978 pertains to changes in the Constitution's provisions regarding the election of the President and Vice-President.

The Correct Answer is ​Planet vs. Plastics.

In News

• World Earth Day: 22 April.

Key Points

• Celebrated every year on April 22, World Earth Day is an annual event, where the world unites to serve a day dedicated to environmental protection and raising awareness regarding the challenges facing our planet.
• In 1970, Earth Day originated from the vision of Gaylord Nelson, a US senator, and Denis Hayes, a Harvard student, both deeply disturbed by the environmental damage they witnessed, including the devastating oil spill in Santa Barbara, California.
• It aimed to engage the public and elevate environmental issues. Its immediate success was evident with a massive turnout of 20 million people across the US.
• By 1990, Earth Day had transcended national borders, becoming a truly global event, uniting over a billion people of all ages in nearly 200 countries.
• This year’s Earth Day theme, “Planet vs. Plastics,” brings attention to the serious issue of plastic pollution and how it harms nature.

The correct answer is Sitar and Tanpura

In News

• Made-in-Miraj sitars and tanpuras received geographical indication (GI) tags, highlighting the unique craftsmanship of string instruments in Miraj.

Key Points

• Craftsmen in Miraj have been renowned for their exceptional sitars and tanpuras for nearly 200 years, contributing to the town's musical legacy.
• The GI tags were granted on March 30, distinguishing Miraj Musical Instrument Cluster for sitar and Soultune Musical Instrument Producer Company for tanpura.
• Mohsin Mirajkar, head of the Miraj Musical Instrument Cluster, expressed that the GI tags would enhance Miraj's identity as a "music city" exporting string instruments.
• Mubin Mirajkar, head of Soultune Musical Instrument Producer Company, highlighted the usage of locally available wood and thick-skinned pumpkin gourds from specific areas for crafting the instruments.
• Approximately 25 families of hereditary craftsmen, spanning multiple generations, continue to specialize in making various string musical instruments in Miraj.
• Instruments crafted by Miraj craftsmen include tanpura, sitar, dilruba, sarangi, taus, rudraveena, and surbahar, showcasing the town's rich musical heritage.

The correct answer is Indian Councils Act of 1909.

Key Points

Morley-Minto Reform was drafted in 1909.

• It was also called as Indian council act 1909.
• Lord Minto was the Viceroy and Morley was the Secretary of state for India during Morley-Minto Reform.
• This act introduced communal representation for the Muslims.
• Morley-Minto Reform introduced the principle of election.
• S. P Sinha was appointed as the first Indian member of the governor general's executive council.
• Under Morley-Minto reforms, the number of elected members in the Imperial Legislative Council and Provincial Legislative Council was increased.
• In the Provincial Councils, the non-official majority was introduced but since some of these non-official were nominated and not selected, the overall non-elected majority remained.

Additional Information

Government of India Act of 1935

• Residuary legislative powers were vested in the Viceroy under the Government of India Act of 1935.
• The Federal Court of India was established in Delhi under the Government of India Act, 1935.
• Provisions of Government of India Act 1935:
  • Provincial autonomy was granted.
  • Dyarchy was abolished in the provinces but was introduced at the center.
  • The federal scheme for the Government of India was prescribed.
  • Bicameralism at the center in the form of the council of states and federal assembly.
  • The federal court was set up in Delhi.
  • Burma was separated from India.
  • The Council of the secretary of state was abolished.

Government of India Act of 1919

• The main feature of the Government of India Act of 1919 is Diarchy in the provinces.
• Dyarchy was introduced, i.e., there were two classes of administrators – Executive councilors and ministers. The Governor was the executive head of the province. The subjects were divided into two lists – reserved and transferred. The governor was in charge of the reserved list along with his executive councilors.
• The Government of India act, 1919 relaxed the central control over the provinces by demarcating and separating the central and provincial subjects. The central and provincial legislatures were authorized to make laws on their respective list of subjects.

The Correct Answer is worship.

Key Points

• The Preamble of the Constitution of India provides for the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
• Freedom means the absence of restraint or supremacy over an individual's activities, such as freedom from slavery, servitude, imprisonment, despotism, etc.
• Equality implies that there are no advantages or prejudice against any part of society. The feeling of brotherhood suggests fraternity.
• The Preamble seeks to foster brotherhood among citizens, ensuring the dignity of the citizen and the nation's unity and integrity.
• After the majority of the Constitution was already adopted, the Preamble was added to the Constitution.

Important Points

• The Preamble ensures justice, democracy and equality for all the people of India and promotes fraternity among the people.
• The Preamble's Four Components are:
  • The Preamble states that the Constitution's source of authority lies with the people of India.
  • It declares that India is a country that is Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.
  • It sets out its priorities of maintaining justice, freedom and equality for all people and fostering fraternity in order to preserve the nation's unity and dignity.
  • It cites the date on which the constitution was adopted (November 26, 1949).

The correct answer is 1 - a, 2 - b, 3 - d, 4 - c.

Key Points

• Javadi Hills:
  • Northern Tamil Nadu in Eastern Ghats.
  • Between Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers.
  • Bisected into eastern and western sections by Agaram, tributaries of the Palar.
  • Cheyyar and Grains, legumes, and oilseeds are chief crops. 
• Jaintia Hills:
  • Eastern part of the Meghalaya Plateau.
  • Inhabited by the Jayantiya tribes.
  • Jhuming cultivation is practiced.
  • High rainfall region.
  • Presence of the laterite soils.
• Patkai Hills:
  • Situated on India's north-eastern border with Burma.
  • Northernmost range of the Purvanchal, located in Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Forms a boundary between India and Myanmar.
  • Source of Burhi Dihing and Disang rivers.

Additional Information

• Doddabetta, at 2,637 meters, is the highest peak in the Nilgiri Mountains. Around the top, there is a forest reserve.
  On the Ooty-Kotagiri Road in the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu, India.
• After Anamudi, Mannamalai, and Meesapulimala, it is the fourth-highest peak in South India.
• Kattadadu (2418 m), Hecuba (2375 m), and Kulkudi (2439 m) are three summits in the Doddabetta range near Udagamandalam that are closely related.

The correct answer is Building mountains.

Key Points

• Endogenic forces are the forces that originate from within the Earth's crust and result in the formation of landforms.
• Building mountains is an example of endogenic forces as it involves tectonic activity where two tectonic plates collide, leading to the uplift of the Earth's crust and the formation of mountains.
• Glaciers are a result of exogenic forces (external forces) such as changes in climate and weather patterns.
• Sea-waves are a result of exogenic forces such as wind patterns, tides, and ocean currents.
• Wind is also result of an exogenic force that shapes the Earth's surface by eroding and depositing sediments.

Additional Information

• The Himalayas, the Andes, and the Rockies are examples of mountain ranges formed due to tectonic activity.
• Glaciers are large masses of ice that form in high-altitude areas where the temperature is below freezing.
  • They are formed due to a combination of factors such as temperature, precipitation, and topography.
  • Glaciers can shape the landscape by eroding rocks, creating valleys, and leaving behind moraines (piles of rocks and debris).
• Sea-waves are created due to a combination of factors such as wind patterns, tides, and ocean currents.
  • They can shape the coastline by eroding rocks, creating sea cliffs, and depositing sediments to form beaches.
• Wind is a result of differences in atmospheric pressure that cause air to move from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas.
  • Wind can shape the Earth's surface by eroding rocks, creating sand dunes, and depositing sediments to form landforms such as deltas.

The correct answer is Rudradaman I.

Key Points

• Rudradaman I:-
  • The most famous Shaka ruler who got the Sudarshana Lake in Kathiawar renovated was Rudradaman I.
  • He was the ruler of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty and ruled from 130 CE to 150 CE
  • He​ was known for his military conquests, patronage of arts and literature, and his contribution to the development of trade and commerce.
  • The Sudarshana Lake was a significant water resource for the people of Kathiawar and Rudradaman I's renovation of the lake earned him the title of "Sudarshana Kaviraja" or "King of Sudarshana".

Additional Information

• Maues:- 
  • He was a ruler of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom who ruled from around 85 BCE to 60 BCE.
  • He was known for his military conquests and his coins are found in large numbers in the regions of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.
• Rudrasimha III:-
  • He was a ruler of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty who ruled from 388 CE to 395 CE.
  • He was known for his patronage of Buddhism and his coins have been found in large numbers in the regions of modern-day Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Chashtana:-
  • He​ was a ruler of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom who ruled from around 78 BCE to 60 BCE.
  • He was known for his military conquests and his coins have been found in large numbers in the regions of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.

The correct answer is Srinivasa Ramanujan.

Key Points

• The man who knew Infinity is the biography of mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan.
• Srinivasa Ramanujan's birthday (22 Dec) is celebrated as the National Mathematics Day and State IT Day in Tamil Nadu state.
• Former PM Manmohan Singh declared 2012 year as National Mathematics Year.
• He was the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University.
• He made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions.
• ​The famous Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan was born in Erode (Dec 22, 1887) and died in Kumbakonam(26 April 1920).
• Ramanujan was elected to be a member of the London Mathematical Society in 1914.

Additional Information

• C. V. Raman:
  • The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 was awarded to Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."
  • He was the first Indian to receive the Nobel prize in physics in 1930.
• Satyendra Nath Bose
  • He was a Bengali mathematician and physicist specializing in theoretical physics.
  • He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose statistics and the theory of the Bose condensate.

The correct answer is Hormuz Strait.

Key Points

• Strait of Ormuz is another name for the Strait of Hormuz.
• It is a channel that connects the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman, and the western Persian Gulf (southeast).
• The strait, which divides Iran's northern part from the Arabian Peninsula, is 35 to 60 miles (55 to 95 km) wide (south).
• With almost 14 million barrels of oil being exported every day (b/d), it serves as one of the most significant oil chokepoints in the globe.
• Much of the oil from Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates travels through its seas in enormous ocean-going tankers.