The correct answer is Free and compulsory primary education.

Key Points

• Article 45 under Directive Principles of State Policy laid down the foundation stone of free and compulsory education in the country. The article states that “ the state shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”. Article 45 recognizes the child’s right to get an education and directs the state:
• To make primary education compulsory and available to all;
• To encourage the development of different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, make them accessible and available to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need.
• Equality of educational opportunity can not be denied to anyone under Article 29(2) according to which admission cannot be refused to anyone on the basis of race, caste, the language in any institution maintained by the state or aided by the state.
• Also, the five articles - 15, 29(2), 15(3), 46 and 29(l) entrust the responsibility of equalization of educational opportunity in all parts of the country to the Government of India and to that end, to give special assistance to backward areas or states.
• It is therefore clear that the task of providing universal educational opportunity to all children of the country is the joint responsibility of the central government, state governments, and local bodies as well as voluntary organizations.
• The central government, in respect of primary education, has some important roles to play such as initiating researches and pilot projects in elementary education, providing financial assistance to states, acting as a coordinating agency between state and other international agencies, and sorting out the differences between various states, ensuring equitable distribution of resources and inequality of opportunities, etc. 

Hence, we conclude that  Article 45 under the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Indian Constitution, provides for ​Free and compulsory primary education.

The correct answer Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Ltd. 

Explanation:

• The government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) scheme to “fund the unfunded”. The aim of the scheme is to bring less funded enterprises to the formal financial system and extending affordable credit to them.
  • The scheme ensures that a small borrower gets credit from all Public Sector Banks such as PSU Banks, Private Sector Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Foreign Banks, Micro Finance Institutions (MFI), Co-operative banks. PM Modi launched the scheme on 8th April 2015. 
  • Any Indian Citizen who has a business plan about any income-generating activity like manufacturing, processing, etc can get Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Ltd. (MUDRA) loans under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) of up to 10 Lakhs. However, it is applicable to the business plans of the non-farm sector.

Important Points

• Under the aegis of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, loans are given in three categories: 
  • Shishu: Loans are given up to the need for 50,000/-.
  • Kishor: Loans are given above 50,000/- and up to 5 lakh.
  • Tarun:  It covers loans above 5 lakh and up to 10 lakh.

The correct answer is Net National Product

Key Points

• Net national product (NNP) is gross national product (GNP), the total value of finished goods and services produced by a country's citizens overseas and domestically, minus depreciation.
• NNP is often examined on an annual basis as a way to measure a nation's success in continuing minimum production standards.
• Depreciation describes the devaluation of fixed capital through wear and tear associated with its use in productive activities.

Additional Information

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

• GDP or Gross Domestic Product is referred to by economists as the size of an economy.
• The total value of goods produced and services rendered within a country during a year is its Gross Domestic Product.
• Further, GDP is calculated at market price and is defined as GDP at market prices. Different constituents of GDP are:
• Wages and salaries, Rent, Interest, Undistributed profits, Mixed-income, Direct taxes, Dividend.

National Income:

• National income is the total value of final goods and services produced by the normal residents during an accounting year, after adjusting depreciation.
• It is Net National Product (NNP) at Factor Cost (FC)
• It does not include taxes, depreciation, and non-factor inputs (raw materials)

Personal Income:

• Personal income is the total income received by the individuals of a country from all sources before direct taxes in one year.

​​​The correct answer is Varanasi.

In News

• PM Narendra Modi visited Varanasi on 24th March 2023 and addressed the One World TB Summit.

Key Points

• He launched TB-Mukt Panchayat Initiative, shorter TB preventive treatment, and family-centric care model for TB.
• He also released India's Annual TB Report 2023.
• He also felicitated states/UTs for progress towards ending TB.
• The Prime Minister also laid the foundation stone of the National Centre for Disease Control & High Containment Laboratory.
• He inaugurated the site for the Metropolitan Public Health Surveillance Unit in Varanasi.
• The Prime Minister also awarded select States/UTs and districts for their progress towards ending TB.
• The recipients of the awards were Karnataka and Jammu & Kashmir on the State/UT level and The Nilgiris, Pulwama and Anantnag at the district level.
• India is on the road to ending TB by 2025.
• Under the Ni-kshay Mitra Campaign, about 10 lakh TB patients have been adopted by citizens and even children aged 10-12 years have come forward.
• The Prime Minister informed about the tech integration in the TB Free India campaign.
• On the occasion of World Tuberculosis Day, Prime Minister addressed the One World TB Summit.
• This summit is being organised by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and the Stop TB Partnership.
• Founded in 2001, the Stop TB Partnership is an organisation hosted by the United Nations that amplifies the voices of the people, communities, and countries affected by TB.

The correct answer is Narmada.

Key Points

• Tawa River is the tributary of the Narmada River.
• It is the longest tributary of the Narmada River.
• Its origin is in the Satpura range.
• It meets the Narmada at Hoshangabad district.
• Its length is 172 km.

Additional Information

Narmada

• The Narmada River originates from the Narmada Kund located in Amarkantak, Anuppur district in Madhya Pradesh.
• Amarkantak is located on Maikal Mountain. 
• The Narmada River forms the unmarked boundary between North and South India.
• The major tributaries of the Narmada are Barna, Tawa, Kanar, Kolar, Man, Hatni, Uri, Shakkar, etc.
• It flows westwards (1, 312 km) before falling into the Gulf of Khambhat.
• The Narmada River is the longest river in Madhya Pradesh and it's called "The Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh".
• The waterfalls created by the Narmada River include Kapil Dhara and Dudh Dhara Falls (Anuppur), Dhuandhar Falls (Bhedaghat, Jabalpur), Sahasradhara Falls (Maheshwar, Khargone), Dardhi Falls, Manadhata Falls, etc

.Tapti

• Its ancient name was Tapi.
• According to religious beliefs, It is also known as “Surya-Putri” i.e. Daughter of the Sun and Saturn’s Sister.
• It originates from the Multai of Betul district.
• It flows into the Arab Sea in the Gulf of Khambat (Gulf of Combay) near Surat of Gujrat.
• The total length of the Tapti River is 725 kilometers.
• Its total basin area is 65,145 square kilometers, out of which 51,504 square kilometers lie in Madhya Pradesh.

Krishna

• The Krishna River is an east-flowing river that originates in Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra. 
• It flows from Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.
• The length of the river is around 1401 km long.
• It is the fourth largest river in India after Ganga, Godavari, and Brahmaputra.
• The left bank tributaries of Krishna are Bhima, Dindi, Paleru, and Musi.
• Whereas its right bank tributaries are Koyana, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Venna, Malprabha, Ghatprabha and Tungabhadra.

The correct answer is Ganesh Chaturthi.

Key Points

• Nuakhai is an agricultural festival celebrated by the people of Odisha.
  • It is the greatest harvesting festival of Odisha.
  • It is observed to welcome the new rice of the season.
  • Nua means new and Khai means food i.e. Nuakhai's Hindi meaning is 'new food'. 
  • ‘Nuakhai’ festival is celebrated one day after the Ganesh Chaturthi festival.
  • The festival has a big significance for farmers and the agricultural community.
  • The festival is observed on Panchami tithi (the fifth day) of the lunar fortnight of the month of Bhadrapada (August–September) as per the Hindu calendar
  • ‘Nuakhai' is the most important social festival of Western Odisha.
  • It is also celebrated in Southern Chhattisgarh.

Important Points

• Ganesh Chaturthi is a 10-day long festival marking the birth of the elephant-headed deity Ganesha.
  • It is also called Vinayaka Chaturthi.
  • The festival begins on the fourth day (Chaturthi) of the month of Bhadrapada(the sixth month of the Hindu calendar).
  • Idols of Ganesha are placed on raised platforms in homes or in elaborately decorated outdoor tents as a part of this festival.

Additional Information

• Holi is a festival of Colors in India celebrating the victory of good over evil, the destruction of the demoness Holika.
• Dussehra is a festival that celebrates Lord Rama's victory over asura king Ravana as well as the triumph of Goddess Durga over Mahishasur.
• Diwali is the festival that celebrated India to mark the return of Hindu god Lord Rama to Ayodhya in northern India after he defeated Ravana.

The correct answer is Non-Renewable Energy Resources.

Key Points

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

• Non-conventional sources are also known as renewable sources of energy. Hence, option 4 is not correct.
• These sources of energy do not cause environmental pollution and are, therefore, environmental-friendly sources of energy.
• Examples of non-conventional sources of energy include solar energy, bioenergy, tidal energy and wind energy.

Solar Energy

• Solar Energy is produced by sunlight. The photovoltaic cells are exposed to sunlight based on the form of electricity that needs to be produced. The energy is utilized for cooking and distillation of water.

Wind Energy

• Wind energy is generated by harnessing the power of wind and mostly used in operating water pumps for irrigation purposes. India stands as the second-largest country in the generation of wind power.

Tidal Energy

• Tidal energy is generated by exploiting the tidal waves of the sea. This source is yet to be tapped due to the lack of cost-effective technology.

The correct answer is ​Gujarat Gas Ltd.

Key Points

• NTPC has inked a pact with Gujarat Gas Ltd is an initiative to blend green hydrogen with piped natural gas (PNG) supplied by Gujarat Gas Ltd.
• This first-of-its-kind project in the country is a step towards the decarbonization of the cooking sector and self-sufficiency for the energy requirements of the nation.
• Initially, the percentage of hydrogen blending in the PNG shall be around 5%.

Additional Information

• ​NTPC Limited, formerly known as National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, is an Indian statutory corporation.
• It engaged in the generation of electricity and allied activities.
• It is a statutory corporation incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 and is under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, Government of India.
• ​NTPC Limited:
  • Founded: 7 November 1975
  • Headquarters: New Delhi, India

The correct answer is NASA.

Key Points

• The double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is NASA's demonstration of kinetic impactor technology, impacting an asteroid to adjust its speed and path.
• DART is the first-ever space mission to demonstrate asteroid deflection by the kinetic impactor.
• The spacecraft launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket out of Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.
• The founder of SpaceX is Elon Musk
• The spacecraft is planned to launch in October 2024.

NASA

• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

In News

• The Artemis program is a series of ongoing space missions run by NASA.
• Three Artemis missions are currently in progress; Artemis 1, an uncrewed test flight around and beyond the Moon, planning to launch on 14 November 2022.

Important Points

ISRO

• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India.
• The organization is involved in science, engineering, and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and mankind.
• ISRO was previously the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up by the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. VikramA Sarabhai. (Father of Indian Space Program)
• ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969, and superseded INCOSPAR with an expanded role to harness space technology.
• DOS was set up and ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972.

ISRO Recent Mission

Additional Information

ESA (European Space Agency)

• The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organization of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.
• Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris
• The European Space Agency announced in October 2022 that it will use SpaceX's Falcon 9 rockets to launch two scientific missions
  • Euclid:-aims to better understand the mysteries of dark energy and dark matter
  • Hera's mission:- probe the Didymos asteroid

 CNES {The National Centre for Space Studies (French: Centre national d'études spatiales)}

• The National Centre for Space Studies is the French government space agency.
• Its headquarters are located in central Paris.
• CNES is founded in 1961.
• ISRO is scheduled to launch its Venus mission in 2025 and France will participate in it, French space agency CNES.

The correct answer is Santhanam Committee Report.

Key Points:

Central Vigilance Commission was established in 1964.

• It was set up on the recommendations of the Santhanam committee report.
  • Santhanam committee was appointed by Lal Bahadur Sastri In 1962.
  • Kasturiranga Santhanam was the chairman of the Santhanam Committee.
• Central vigilance commission conferred statutory status in 2003.
• The headquarters of the central vigilance commission is at Satarkata Bhavan in New Delhi.
• The central vigilance commission consists of a chairperson and not more than two members.
• Nittoor Srinivasa Rau was the first vigilance commissioner of India.
• Sh. P. K. Srivastava is the current vigilance commissioner of India.
• Gorwala committee is a committee on public administration.
• The first administrative reforms commission was established on 5 January 1966 and it was chaired by Morarji Desai.