The Correct answer is Chromium.

Explanation:

• Stainless steel is an alloy that contains iron, carbon, and other elements, primarily chromium. The addition of chromium is what makes stainless steel "stainless" or resistant to corrosion and rust. The primary reason for the addition of chromium is to form a protective oxide layer on the surface of the steel, which prevents further oxidation or rusting.
• When chromium is added to iron to form stainless steel, it combines with oxygen from the air to form a thin, invisible, and protective layer of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) on the surface of the steel. This layer acts as a barrier, protecting the underlying steel from corrosion and giving stainless steel its unique property of being resistant to stains, rust, and corrosion.
• The proportion of chromium in stainless steel can vary, but it is typically present in significant amounts, usually ranging from 10% to 25% of the alloy's composition. Other elements like nickel, molybdenum, and sometimes manganese are also added to enhance specific properties of stainless steel.

Additional Information

• Iron (Fe): Iron is the primary component of stainless steel. It provides strength and structural integrity to the alloy.
• Carbon (C): Carbon is another essential element in stainless steel, although it is generally present in low amounts. It enhances the hardness and strength of the alloy.
• Chromium (Cr): Chromium is the critical component that distinguishes stainless steel from other types of steel. It forms a thin and invisible layer of chromium oxide on the surface of the steel, known as the passive layer. This passive layer provides excellent corrosion resistance and prevents the steel from rusting.
• Nickel (Ni): Improves ductility, toughness, and resistance to corrosion.
• Molybdenum (Mo): Enhances resistance to corrosion in specific environments.
• Titanium (Ti): Provides improved welding and fabrication characteristics.
• Copper (Cu): Improves resistance to certain corrosive environments.
• The precise composition of stainless steel can vary based on the specific grade or type of stainless steel being produced. There are numerous grades of stainless steel, each with its own unique combination of elements and properties to suit various applications, such as kitchenware, cutlery, medical instruments, construction materials, industrial equipment, and more.

The correct answer is Sublimation.

Important Points

• Naphthalene is a colourless crystalline solid with a strong mothball odour.
• It is also called white tar & tar camphor.
• Melting point: 80.1 C.
• Boiling point: 218.C.
• Molecular Weight: 128.17 g/mol.
• Molecular formula: C10H8.

• It is obtained from either coal tar or petroleum distillation.
• It is a white, volatile, solid polycyclic hydrocarbon.
• It is almost insoluble in water.
  • The solid is denser than water and thus insoluble in water.
• It is highly volatile.
• Uses:
  • It is used in the dyes industry.
  • It is used as a moth repellent.
  • It is used as wood preservatives.
  • It used as fumigant, lubricants, and to make other chemicals.
  • It is used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride ( PVC) plastics.
  • It is used in synthetic tanning, preservative, textile chemicals, emulsion breakers.
  • It is used around garden and building peripheries to repel animals such as snakes and rabbits.
• Fuels such as petroleum and coal contain naphthalene. 
• It is the most abundant single constituent of coal tar.
• It is commercially produced by crystallization from the intermediate fraction of condensed coal tar and from the heavier fraction of cracked petroleum.
• Negative effects:
  • Excess exposure to naphthalene can cause the following issues:
    • Hemolytic anaemia.
    • Damage to the liver.
    • Neurological system.
    • Cataracts.
  • It is generally accepted to be a human carcinogen.
  • It may increase the risk of developing laryngeal (larynx) and colorectal (colon) cancer.
  • It is a white solid that evaporates easily because of sublimation.
• Sublimation:
  • It is the process of transition of a substance from the solid-state to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state.
  • The substance showing this phenomenon is called sublimate.
  • E.g: Camphor, Naphthalene, Dry ice (solid CO₂) etc.
• When naphthalene is heated, it sublimes easily because it is made up of non-polar molecules that are held together only by weak Van der Waal intermolecular forces of attraction.

The correct answer is Qualitative – Moral Suasion.

Key Points

• Monetary policy refers to the policy of the central bank with regard to the use of monetary instruments under its control to achieve the goals specified in the Act.
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is vested with the responsibility of conducting monetary policy. This responsibility is explicitly mandated under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
• Instruments of Monetary Policy :
  • Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides overnight liquidity to banks against the collateral of government and other approved securities under the liquidity adjustment facility (LAF).
  • Reverse Repo Rate: The (fixed) interest rate at which the Reserve Bank absorbs liquidity, on an overnight basis, from banks against the collateral of eligible government securities under the LAF.
  • Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) :
    • The LAF consists of overnight as well as term repo auctions. 
    • The aim of the term repo is to help develop the inter-bank term money market, which in turn can set market-based benchmarks for pricing of loans and deposits, and hence improve the transmission of monetary policy. The Reserve Bank also conducts variable interest rate reverse repo auctions, as necessitated under the market conditions.
  • Marginal Standing Facility (MSF):
    • A facility under which scheduled commercial banks can borrow an additional amount of overnight money from the Reserve Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) portfolio up to a limit at a penal rate of interest.
    • This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity shocks to the banking system.
  • Bank Rate :
    • It is the rate at which the Reserve Bank is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers.
    • This rate has been aligned to the MSF rate and, therefore, changes automatically as and when the MSF rate changes alongside policy repo rate changes.
  • Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a share of such percentage of its Net demand and time liabilities (NDTL).
  • Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) :
    • The share of NDTL that a bank is required to maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as - government securities, cash, and gold.
    • Changes in SLR often influence the availability of resources in the banking system for lending to the private sector.
  • Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include both, outright purchase and sale of government securities, for injection and absorption of durable liquidity, respectively.
  • Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS) :
    • This instrument for monetary management was introduced in 2004.
    • Surplus liquidity of a more enduring nature arising from large capital inflows is absorbed through the sale of short-dated government securities and treasury bills.
    • The cash so mobilized is held in a separate government account with the Reserve Bank.

The correct answer is Jammu and Kashmir.

Key Points

• Dogri language, member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European languages.
• Dogri is spoken by approximately 2.3 million people, most commonly in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Additional Information

• Dogri was added by the 92nd Amendment Act of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act, 2003.
• The act amended the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution so as to include Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali (Santhali) languages, thereby raising the total number of languages listed in the schedule to 22.
• Ram Nath Shastri was born on 15 April 1914. He is known as the "Father of Dogri" for his pivotal role in the revival and resurgence of the Dogri language in Jammu and Kashmir.

The correct answer is 50 members.

Important Points

• If a house feels that the government does not enjoy a majority, then they can move a 'no-confidence' motion. It can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.
• The motion is admitted for discussion when a minimum of 50 members of the house support the motion.
• If the motion is passed, the Government is bound to vacate the office.
• The process of a no-confidence motion is mentioned under Rule 198 of the Rules of Procedure and conduct of Lok Sabha.
• These are the modes by which voting can be conducted:
  • Voice vote: In a voice vote, the legislators respond orally.
  • Division vote: In the case of a division vote, voting is done using electronic gadgets, slips, or in a ballot box.
  • Ballot vote: The ballot box is usually a secret vote - just like how people vote during state or parliamentary elections.

Additional Information

• Following the vote, the person who has the majority will be allowed to form the government. In case there is a tie, the speaker can cast his vote.

Concept:

• Immunity: It is the ability to resist or defend itself from the development of a disease.
• Immunity can be divided into two types:

1. Innate or Natural immunity: It is present from birth and is inherited from parents. It is non-specific.

• It can be of two types active or passive

      2. Acquired or Artificial immunity: It is not present from birth and develops during an individual's lifetime. It is pathogen-specific.

• It can also be divided into active and passive.

Explanation

• Passive immunity is developed when ready-made antibodies are injected into the body.
• The antibodies present in the blood of the person actively immunized are directly injected into the other person which is considered passive immunity.   
• This type of immune response is faster as the body is getting readymade antibodies, but it lasts only a few days.
• Passive immunity is given in infections like tetanus where a quick response is needed.

Additional Information

• Vaccination is the process of introduction of weakened or inactivated pathogen or proteins (vaccine) into a person to provide protection against disease.
• Examples: Vaccination of polio, covid 19, etc
• Vaccination develops artificial active immunity.
• Immunization:  A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination.

The correct answer is Central Asia.

Key Points

• The Kushanas were a branch of the Yu-chi caste.
• They initially lived in the Kansu and 'Ning-sea border areas of the Takla Makan desert in the northwest of Tibet.

Additional Information

• Kuzulkadphysis -​
  • The founder of the Kushan dynasty was Kujul Kadphises.
  • He was the first ruler of India who crossed the Hindukush mountain range.
  • And till there he established his empire.
• Kanishka -
  • Kanishka was a famous ruler of the Kushan dynasty (78 AD to 144 AD).
  • The principal capital of his empire was Purushpur (modern Peshawar).
  • Kanishka attained the throne in 78 AD and only then this year is considered to be the date of the beginning of the Shaka era.

Key Points

• Pandit Nehru said “Planning is a continuous movement towards desired goals” in third five year plan which was incorporated during 1961 -1966 amidst two wars and a draught.
• This plan is also called Gadgil Yojna, named after the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission, D.R. Gadgil
• The wars were fought between India and China in 1962 and between India and Pakistan in 1965.
• India was hit by drought in 1965 and 1966 across different parts of the country
• The third five-year plan had set a target of a 5.6 percent growth rate but it could only achieve a 2.5 percent growth. 
• The lower growth rate during that period can be attributed to these natural and man-made calamities.
• The main target of this plan was to make the economy independent. The stress was laid on agriculture and the improvement in the production of wheat. 
• However, after the wars, India recognized the need to focus on the development of its defense sector. 
• After this combination of events, India had to face Inflation, which is a common term used for the rise in prices of items of common use.

Important Points

• Planning commission founded: 1950.
• Planning Commission head: Prime Minister
• First five-year plan launched: 1951
• A total number of 5 year plans: 12.
• Last five-year plan: 2012 to 2017 (Under PM Manmohan Singh).
• Planning Commission dissolved: 2014 (By PM Narendra Modi).

The correct answer is Malaria.

Key Points

• Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protozoa that is responsible for causing malaria, a serious and potentially life-threatening disease.
• Malaria is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
• When an infected mosquito bites a human, it injects Plasmodium parasites into the bloodstream.
• Once inside the human body, the Plasmodium parasites travel to the liver and multiply.
• They then infect and destroy red blood cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of malaria.
• These symptoms can include high fever, chills, sweating, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting.
• There are several species of Plasmodium that can infect humans, including P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale.
• Among these, P. falciparum is the most severe and can lead to life-threatening complications, particularly in young children and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Additional Information

• Common cold: The common cold is primarily caused by various types of viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses. Other viruses that can cause the common cold include coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses, and parainfluenza viruses.
• Typhoid: Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is typically contracted by consuming food or water contaminated with feces containing the bacterium. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices contribute to its spread.
• Pneumonia: Pneumonia can have various causes, including bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Viral pneumonia can be caused by influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses, and others. Fungal pneumonia is often associated with specific fungi, such as Pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompromised individuals.

The correct answer is Sixth.

Key Points

• Sixth Five-Year Plans
  • In October 1980, then-prime minister Indira Gandhi reorganised and rebranded the Food For Work Program as the National Rural Employment Program.
  • As of April 1981, it became a regular programme.
  • The Sixth Five Year Plan saw the beginning of the Program. It tries to implement more employment for those who are underemployed.
  • The Rural Landless Employment Guarantee was a central government-funded programme that provided landless people with work guarantees for at least 100 days.
  • 10% of the money was also set aside for the sole benefit of SC/ST communities, with the remaining 25% going to social forestry and the remaining 20% to housing.
  • On April 1, 1989, Rajiv Gandhi, the prime minister, merged the Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program and the National Rural Employment Program to create the Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY).

Additional Information

•  Seventh Five-Year Plans
  • ​In 1985, when Rajiv Gandhi led the Congress party to power, the seventh five-year plan was unveiled. The seventh planet's time period spanned from 1 April 1985 to 31 March 1990.
  • From 1985 to 1987, Mr Manmohan Singh served as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission. Food, work, and production were the first three plans included in the seventh strategy.
•  Fifth Five-Year Plans
  • ​The government of Indira Gandhi created India's Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974–1979).
  • It put an emphasis on agriculture, reducing poverty, and creating jobs.
  • Additionally, the plan attempted to lessen social and economic disparities within society.
• Fourth Five-Year Plans
  • ​The Fourth Five-Year Plan embraced the goal of reversing the prior trend of greater economic and wealth power concentration.
  • It was based on the Gadgil formula, which put an emphasis on growth while maintaining stability and moving towards independence.
  • Indira Gandhi was in office as prime minister at the time.