The correct answer is Amplitude.

• Loudness means how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener.

Key Points 

• Loudness is related to amplitude and intensity is one of the most salient qualities of a sound which is a measure of the amount of energy in sound waves.
• The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB).

Additional Information

• Speed- The speed of sound is the distance traveled per unit of time by a sound wave when it propagates through an elastic medium.
• Wavelength- The wavelength of a sound is the distance between adjacent identical parts of a wave.
• Frequency- The number of vibrations counted per second is called frequency. The unit of frequency is called hertz (Hz).

The correct answer is Pandit Hari Prasad Chaurasia.

Key Points

• He was born in Prayagraj.
• Famous classical flutist of the Hindustani classical tradition.
• Chaurasia belonged to the Maihar Senia Gharana (a community of performers who share a distinctive musical style), and he developed a rich personal style after years of experimentation and dedicated practice.
• Learned under the tutelage of famous flute player Bholanath Prasanna.
• Formed a group called Shiv-Hari with Santoor player Shiv Kumar Sharma.
• Was honored with many awards
  • The Sangeet Natak Academy Award 1984
  • Padma Bhushan 1992,
  • Kalidas Samman 1999,
  • Padma Vibhushan 2000,
  • Sangeet Natak Academy Fellowship Award 2012, etc

Additional Information

•  Ustad Zakir Hussain is a tabla player, percussionist, and composer who is known for his contributions to the world of Indian classical music.
  • He has collaborated with several famous musicians, including Pandit Ravi Shankar and John McLaughlin.
•  Ustad Bismillah Khan was a Shehnai player who is known for his mastery of the instrument.
  • He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in recognition of his contributions to music.
•  Ustad Vilayat Khan was a sitar player who is considered one of the greatest musicians of his generation.
  • He was known for his innovative style and technical virtuosity.

The correct answer is Transpiration.

Key Points

Transpiration: 

• It is the process by which water leaves the body of a living plant and reaches the atmosphere as water vapour.
• Transpiration is measured by a phytometer.

Additional Information 

Evaporation: 

• It is the process in which a liquid changes to the gaseous state at the free surface below the boiling point through the transfer of heat energy.
• Evaporimeter measures evaporation.

Evapotranspiration: 

• It is the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
• It can be measured by an instrument called a Lysimeter.

Precipitation:

• It is condensed water vapours that fall to the earth.
• Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also snow, hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.

Run-off :

• It is defined as the part of the water cycle that flows over land as surface water instead of being absorbed into the ground water or evaporated.
• Run-off is that part of precipitation that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers drain, or sewers.

The correct answer is 2.13.

Key Points

• The minimum lane width is prescribed by the International Swimming Federation (FINA), which is the governing body for Swimming.
• The minimum lane width is important to ensure that swimmers have enough space to swim comfortably and safely without colliding with each other.
• FINA has prescribed different minimum lane widths for different types of competitions.
• For example, for Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cup events, the minimum lane width is 2.5 meters. However, for other competitions, such as continental championships, the minimum lane width is 2.13 meters.
• Lane widths can also vary depending on the size of the pool. For example, in a 25-meter pool, the minimum lane width is 2.0 meters, whereas, in a 50-meter pool, the minimum lane width is 2.5 meters.

Additional Information

• About FINA:
  • The Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the world governing body for aquatic sports such as swimming, diving, water polo, and synchronized and open water swimming.
  • FINA rules are used to manage state, national and international events such as the World Championships and the Olympics.
  • The FINA Facilities Rules provide the best possible environment for competitive use and training.
  • President: Julio C. Maglione (as of April 2021

The correct answer is Robert Hooke.

Key Points

• Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke. 
• In addition, Hooke enhanced the configuration of the pre-existing compound microscope, which enlarged and illuminated specimens with the use of three lenses and a stage light. 
• Under his invention, a British scientist examined cells in a slice of cork. After noticing what appeared to be honeycomb-like compartments, Hooke gave them the name "cells," which derives from the Latin word cellula, which means "a hollow space".

Important Points

• Robert Brown made the discovery of the cell nucleus. 
• The discovery of penicillin is credited to Scottish physician-scientist Alexander Fleming.
• Significant chemical discoveries were also made by Louis Pasteur, chief among these being the understanding of the molecular causes of racemization and the asymmetry of some crystals.

The correct answer is Tim Berners-Lee.

Key Points

• Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist who invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
• He was working at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, at the time.
• Berners-Lee envisioned a system that would allow scientists to share information more easily.

He developed the three core technologies of the Web:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): This is the protocol that allows web browsers to request and receive web pages from web servers.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): This is the language used to create web pages.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): This is the address of a web page.
The World Wide Web was first made available to the public in 1991. It has since grown to become the most popular information sharing system in the world.

Additional Information

• Tim Cook is the CEO of Apple Inc. 
• Bill Gates is the co-founder of Microsoft. 
• Mark Zuckerberg is the co-founder of Facebook.

The correct answer is Shyamji Krishna Verma.

Key Points

• Shyamji Krishna Varma was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and journalist.
• Shyamji Krishna Varma founded the 'Indian Home Rule Society' in London.
• He came to Britain in 1879 as a Sanskrit scholar.
• Indian Home Rule Society in London was established in 1905.
• He also established India House in Highgate (at 65 Cromwell Avenue) in London in 1905.
• India House in Highgate was established as a hostel for Indian students, which became a meeting place for Indian revolutionaries in London.
• The journal "the Indian sociologist" was founded by Shyamji Krishna Varma.
• He moved to Paris in 1907 to escape from arrest and censure by the British Government in relation to his published inflammatory material.
• He died in Geneva in 1930.

Additional Information 

The Correct Answer is Panini.

Key Points

• Ashtadhyayi, Sanskrit Aṣṭādhyāyī("Eight Chapters"), a Sanskrit grammar treatise written by the Indian grammarian Panini in the 6th to 5th century BCE. The linguistic standards for Classical Sanskrit were set by this work. The science of phonetics and grammar that had developed in the Vedic religion was summed up in 4,000 sutras. His work was divided into eight chapters by Panini, each of which is further divided into four chapters.
• Ashtadhyayi distinguishes between use in the spoken language and use that is unique to the language of the sacred texts, beyond describing the morphology and syntax of the Sanskrit language. 

Important Points

• An ancient Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and a respected scholar in ancient India were Pānini, variously dated between the 4th century BCE and the 6th to 5th century BCE.
• Pānini has been considered the "first descriptive linguist" and also labelled as "the father of linguistics" since the discovery and publication of his work by European scholars in the nineteenth century. 

Additional Information

• Bāṇabhaṭṭa was a Sanskrit prose writer and poet from India in the seventh century.
• Shudraka was the king and playwright of India. He is ascribed to three Sanskrit plays - Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart), Vinavasavadatta, and Padmaprabhritaka, a bhana (short one-act monologue).
• In ancient India, Patañjali was a sage who was thought to be the author of a number of Sanskrit works.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3 only.

Key Points

• The first Buddhist Council: 
  • It was held at Rajagraha under the chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Hence pair 1 is correct.
  • Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha.
• The second Buddhist Council: 
  • It was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C. Hence pair 2 is correct.
  • It was held during the reign of Kalashoka.
• The third Buddhist Council:
  • It was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Hence pair 3 is correct.
  • Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it.
  • The final version of the Tripitakas was completed in this council.
• The fourth Buddhist Council: 
  • It was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Hence pair 4 is incorrect.
  • Asvagosha participated in this council.
  • The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into existence during this council.
  • The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as Hinayana.

Important Points

• Tripitaka:
  • These are ​Buddhist sacred scriptures that contain the religion, philosophy, sayings, and teachings of Gautam buddha.
  • The word 'Tripitaka' means Triple Baskets or three parts: Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Sikkim Himalayas.

Sikkim Himalayas

• Sikkim Himalayas is a part of Greater Himalayas (also knowns as Himadri).
• The extent of this range is between the Nanga Parbat peak in the west and the Namcha Barwa peak in the east. 
• The highest peak of the world Mount Everest is situated in this range.
• Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna are some of the other peaks which are situated in this Range.
• The Himadri range is snow-covered throughout the year.
• That is why there is a large number of glaciers are found in this range.
• Greater Himalayas has many passes like Zojila, Shipkila, Lipulekh, Nathula and Jelep-La etc

• Jelep-La is a high mountain pass between India and Tibet in Sikkim Himalayas. Hence option 2 is correct.