The correct answer is Mauryan.

Key Points

• The Mauryan empire, in ancient India, was a state centered at Pataliputra (later Patna).
• It lasted from about 321 to 185 BCE and was the first empire to encompass most of the Indian subcontinent.
• The Mauryan empire was founded by Chandragupta Maurya.
• The Mauryan Empire was the first pan-Indian empire, It covered most of the Indian region.

Additional Information

• Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and parts of the Northeast were the only parts that were not under Mauryan rule.
• Kautilya was the Prime Minister of the Chandra Gupta, and Bindusara.
• Ashoka the greatest ruler of the Mauryan Empire was the son of Bindusara.
• Dhamma is introduced by Ashoka.
• The Mauryan army was the largest military force of its time.
• Maurya Empire reached its greatest territorial extent under Ashoka the Great.
• One of the most important features of Mauryan art is the bright polish imparted to the stone surface which makes it shine and look impressive.
• Important kings of the Mauryan empire, Chandra Gupta Maurya, Bindusara, and Ashoka.

Important Points

• Chola Dynasty -The Chola Empire was founded by Vijayalaya(848–871).
• Khusans Dynasty-Kujula Kadphises  [AD 30-AD 80) was a founder of the Khusans Dynasty.
• Gupta Dynasty- The Gupta dynasty was established by Shrigupta.
  • The real founder of the Gupta empire was Chandragupta I (AD 319–334).

The correct answer is Khudiram Bose.

Key Points

• Sachindra Bakshi, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, and many more were involved in the Kakori conspiracy.
• Kakori conspiracy:
  • Kakori conspiracy was a train robbery that took place on 9 August 1925.
  • Place: Kakori, about 16 km from Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
  • This robbery was done by the members of the Hindustan Republican Association(HRA).
  • In this robbery, Revolutionaries stopped the train and robbed Rs 8000/- from the guard cabin.
  • Result of the Kakori conspiracy:
    • Death sentences were awarded to:
      • Ram Prasad Bismil
      • Ashfaqullah Khan
      • Thakur Roshan Singh
      • Rajendra Lahiri 
    • Lifetime imprisonment at Cellular Jail in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands awarded to:
      • Sachindra Bakshi
      • Shachindra Nath Sanyal

Additional Information

• Khudiram Bose: 
  • Date of Birth: 3 December 1889.
  • Father: Trailokyanath Bose
  • Mother: Lakshmipriya Devi
  • He was one of the youngest revolutionary freedom fighters.
  • He was involved in the Muzaffarpur conspiracy.
  • He was tried to assassinate a British judge, Douglas Kingsford.
  • He was executed on 11 August 1908, at the age of 18 years.

The correct answer is Rajasthan.

Key Points

• The ancient site Kalibangan, of Indus Valley civilization, is situated in Rajasthan.
• Plowed field surface, 7 fire altars, decorated bricks, and bones of Camel were found in Kalibangan.

Additional Information

• Lothal was a Dockyard during the Indus Valley Civilization.
• Great granary, great bath, steatite image of a bearded man were found in Mohenjo Daro.
• Chanhudaro was the city without Citadel.
• Rakhigarhi is the largest Indian site of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. The civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system.

Important facts to be remembered.

• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.

Important Points

Name of the major cities are given below:

• Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
• Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river.
• Chanhudaro - It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
• Lothal(Gujarat) - It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
• Surkotada (Gujarat) - It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
• Banawali (Haryana) - It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati.
• Dholavira (Gujarat) - It excavated is in the Kutch district.

• Social features-
  • Indus valley civilization is the first urbanization in India.
  • It has a well-planned drainage system, grid pattern, and town planning.
  • They have possessed equality in society.
• Religious Facts-
  • Matridevi or Shakti is the Mother goddess.
  • Yoni worship and Nature worship existed.
  • They worshipped trees like Peepal.
  • People also worshipped Fire worship called Havan Kund.
  • Pashupati Mahadeva is known as the lord of Animals.
  • The people of Indus Valley Civilization worshipped Animal worship like Unicorn and ox.
• Economic facts-
  • Indus valley civilization is based on agriculture.
  • Trade and commerce flourished in this period.
  • A dockyard has been found at Lothal.
  • There were export and import.
  • Production of cotton was there.
  • There was also the unit of measurement.
  • Weights and measures of truth existed in Harappan culture was seen at Lothal.
  • The weights were made of limestone, steatite, etc. and were usually cubical in shape.

The correct answer is Lala Hardayal.

Key Points

• The Ghadar party was an international political movement organized by Indians to end British rule in India.
  • It was formed in 1913.
  • Headquarters was at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco.
  • It was founded by Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal.
  • The Ghadar Party was organized by migrants Indians in the United States.
  • The old name of the Ghadar Party was the Pacific coast Hindustan association.
  • The name Ghadar party was adopted after the launch of its journal Ghadar in 1913.
  • It was formally dissolved in 1948.

Additional Information

• ​Bhagat Singh is the founder of Naujawan Bharat Sabha.
• V D Savarkar is the founder of the Abhinav Bharat Society.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e Kalinga.

• Odisha is an Indian state located in eastern India.
  • Capital: Bhubaneswar.
  • The ancient name of coastal Orissa was Kalinga.
  • The Kalinga was invaded by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE in the Kalinga War.
  • Orissa and Utkalam are also the old names of Odisha.
  • Odisha has a 485 Kilometres long coastline.
  • The coastline known as the gift of six rivers is situated in Odisha.
  • The famous Konark temple is located in Odisha.
  • The largest coastal lagoon in India Chilika Lake is in Odisha.
  • Paradeep, one of the major seaports in India is in Odisha.
  • Current Chief Minister: Mohan Charan Majhi​.
  • Current Governor: Shri Raghubar Das
• ​Kaushambi was a major ancient city in India that served as the capital of the Vatsa kingdom.
• Kamarupa was the old name of Assam.
• Khandesh is a city in Maharashtra state

The correct answer is 1526.

Key Points

• The first battle of Panipat was fought in 1526.
• The first battle of Panipat was fought between the Mughal invader Babur and Ibrahim Lodi.
• It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire i.e., Babur defeated Lodi and captured the throne of Delhi.

Additional Information

• Panipat is a city in Haryana.
• The Second Battle of Panipat 
  • It was fought on 5 November 1556
  • It was fought between Akbar and Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu).
  • Akbar defeated Hemu in this battle.
• The Third Battle of Panipat
  • It was fought in 1761
  • It was fought between the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau Peshwa of Pune.
  • Abdali won this battle.
  • The war led to a power vacuum which later led to the British conquest of India.

Important Points

• Akbar (1542- 1605)
  • He reigned from 1556 to 1605.
  • He constructed Fatehpur Sikri and made it his capital in 1569.
  • Buland Darwaza was constructed at the gate.
  • He started a new religion Din-i Ilahi in 1582.
  • Abul Fazl wrote his biography titled Akbarnama.
  • Nine of his courtiers were known as Navratnas.
    • They were Todar Mal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Birbal, Tansen, Abdur Rahim Khana-i-Khana, Mullah-do-Pyaza, Raja Man Singh, and Fakir Aziao-Din.
  • He married a Hindu princess Harka Bai who is commonly known as Jodha Bai.
  • Akbar captured the historic fortress of Chitor in 1568.
  • He defeated Rana Pratap in the Battle of Haldighati in 1576.
  • He abolished the pilgrimage tax on Hindus in 1563.
  • He also abolished the Jizyah tax in 1564.
  • He also introduced the Mansabdari System or the rank-holder system to organize the nobility and army.

The correct answer is Establishment of minimum marriage age.

Key Points

• The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 was also known as Sarda Act.
• The act was passed on 28 September 1929.
• As per the act, the age of marriage for girls was fixed at 14 years and for boys, it was 18 years.
• Later through an amendment, it was changed to 18 for girls and 21 for boys.
• The name Sarda was derived from its sponsor Harbilas Sarda.

The correct answer is Pallava.

Key Points

• The Pallava dynasty was an early 4th-century to late 9th-century CE line of rulers in southern India.
• Pallava was able to sustain their rule for about 500 years.
• Mahendravarman I is considered to be the greatest ruler of the Pallavas.
• Kanchipuram was the capital of the Pallavas.
• Their territories at the height of their powers extended from the northern part of Andhra Pradesh to River Kaveri in the South.
• Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram and the Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram are famous temples constructed during the reign of Pallavas.
• The Pallavas were great patrons of learning.
• The symbol of the Pallavas was the Lion (Simha) and the Bull (Nandi), It was interchangeable depending on the preference of the ruler.

Additional Information

• Pandya.
  • Pandya dynasty started near about 6th century BC and ended around the 15th century AD.​
  • The capital of Pandyas was Madurai.
  • The symbol of the Pandya Dynasty was the fish.
• ​Chera.
  • ​The Chera Dynasty is also called the Keralaputra dynasty.
  • Their capital was Muziri also known as Vanchi.
  • Uthiyan Cheralathan, and is widely considered the founder of the Chera Dynasty.
  • Rama Varma Kulakshekhra was the last king of the Chera Dynasty.
  • The bow was the royal emblem of the Chera Kingdom.
• ​Chola.
  • Vijayalaya was the founder of the Imperial Chola dynasty.​
  • Thanjavur (Tanjore) was the capital of Cholas.
  • Jumping Tiger was the royal emblem of the Cholas.
  • Rajendra Chola III Was the last king of this dynasty

The correct answer is Third battle of Panipat.

•  Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas in the third battle of Panipat.

Additional Information

There is three battle of Panipat.

• Hyderabad-Secunderabad is called twin cities.
• Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana.
• Hyderabad is known as "City of Pearls".
• Ranchi-Hatia is Twin Cities.
• Other twin cities are : 
• Hubli-Dharwad, Karnataka
• Kochi-Ernakulam, Kerala
• Durg-Bhilai, Chhattisgarh