Important Points

• The barter system is a trade in which goods are exchanged between the buyer and seller without the use of real money.
  • ‘Double coincidence of wants is a feature of the barter system.
    • Double coincidence of wants occurs when two people have goods and they are both happy to swap in exchange.
    • People have to swap their goods in the barter system.
    • The double coincidence of wants is the foundation of a bartering economy.
    • Lack of double coincidence of wants is a major issue in the barter system.
  • It is difficult to carry forward one’s wealth under the barter system.
  • Wealth can not be stored in the form of money for future use in the barter system.
  • The barter system is considered as the oldest form of commerce.

Additional Information

• Liquidity is the measure of the cash and other assets that have available to quickly pay bills.
• Forex Rate(also called foreign exchange rate) is the price of one currency in terms of another.

Key Points

• Sachin Tendulkar was the first sportsperson won the Bharat Ratna Award in 2014.
• Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was the first scientist won the Bharat Ratna Award in 1954.
• Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the first non-Indian won the Bharat Ratna Award in 1987.

Additional Information

• The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954.
• It is awarded in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavor. 
• The number of annual awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year. 
• On conferment of the award, the recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion.

• List of some important persons who won the Bharat Ratna Award:

Key Points

• ​Rangpur is an archaeological site in Gujarat, western India.
• It belongs to the period of the Indus valley civilization.
• The excavation was started by the Archeological Survey of India in 1931 led by M.S.Vats.
• Partially dug sewers, platforms, and house walls were discovered.
• Rangpur yielded a large number of plant remnants. Rice, Bajra, and millet were discovered.

Additional Information

• The Indus Valley Civilization was a civilization that was mostly founded in the Indus River Valley.
• The time period of the Indus Valley Civilization was from 2600 BC to 1900 BC(NCERT).
• The term Indus valley civilization was coined by John Marshall.
• This civilization was spread over Sindh, Baluchistan, Haryana, Rajasthan, Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, and Northern Maharashtra.
• The important sites of the Indus Valley Civilization were Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Lothal, Kalibanga, Banawali, Dholavira, Rangpur, etc.

Key Points

• Schedules of the Indian Constitution:

Key Points

• He was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire which ruled from 187 to 180 BCE. 
• Brihadratha was assassinated by his own general, Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga Empire.
• Brihadratha was the successor of Shatadhanavan, who ruled between 195 and 187 BC.

Important Points

• The Maurya dynasty was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and dominated the Indian subcontinent between 322 and 185 BC.
• The Maurya Empire spanned over five million square kilometres, making it the largest political entity existing in the Indian subcontinent.

Additional Information

• Singh, the national emblem of the modern Republic of India, was also taken from Sarnath, the capital of Ashoka.

• Hampi Dance festival is celebrated in Karnataka.
• It is a cultural extravaganza which is been celebrated since the times of the Vijayanagar reign in the month of October-November
• Hampi, also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in east-central Karnataka on the banks of the Tungabhadra river.
• It was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century.
• It is a pilgrimage center for the Hindu religion.

Article 18-abolition of titles.

Key Points

Key Points

• The annual population growth rate of India according to Census 2011 is 1.64 percent.
• Growth of population is the change in the number of people living in a particular area between two points of time. Its rate is expressed in percentage. 
• The Census was first started under British Viceroy Lord Mayo in 1872. It helped in framing new policies, government programs to uplift areas of improvement in the community.
• First synchronized census in India took place in 1881. Since 1901, it has been taking place after every decade.
• Census 2011 is the 15th Census, and 7th after Independence.
• The slogan of census 2011 is “Our Census, Our Future”.
• According to the Census 2011, there are 53 (million-plus) cities in India as compared to 35 on census 2001.
• The 15th Census of India was conducted in 2011.

Additional Information

• KEY POINT OF CENSUS OF INDIA 2011 
  • Total Population of India – 1,21,08,54,977
  • Sex Ratio (females per 1000 males) – 943
  • Density – 382 persons per sq. km
  • Infant Mortality Rate (2006) – 57 per 1000 live births
  • Maternal Mortality Rate – 407 per lakh live births
  • Literacy Rate of the country – 74.04%
  • Highest literacy – Kerala (94%)
  • Lowest literacy – Bihar ( 61.8%)
  • Highest female literacy – Kerala (92.1 %)
  • Lowest female literacy – Rajasthan (57.6%)
  • Highest Population – Uttar Pradesh (19,98,12,341)
  • Lowest Population – Sikkim ( 6,10,577)
  • Highest Population Density – Bihar (1106)
  • Lowest Population Density – Arunachal Pradesh (17)
  • Highest Sex Ratio – Kerala (1084)
  • State having lowest Sex Ratio – Haryana (879)
  • Life Expectancy at Birth – 66.1 years, Male – 64.6 years and Female – 67.7 years.
  • Decadal growth rate in Population – 17.7%
  • Highest SC population is in UP.
  • Highest ST population is in Madhya Pradesh.

Key Points

• Excise duty is a tax on manufacture or production of goods.
• Excise duty on alcohol, alcoholic preparations, and narcotic substances is collected by the State Government and is called "State Excise" duty.
• The Excise duty on rest of goods is called "Central Excise" duty and is collected in terms of Section 3 of the Central Excise Act, 1944.

Important Points

• Types of excise duty in India are:
• Basic Excise Duty:
  • Basic excise duty is also known as the Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT). This category of excise duty was levied on goods that were classified under the first schedule of the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985.
  • This duty was levied under Section 3 (1) (a) of the Central Excise Act, 1944. This duty applied to all goods except salt.
• Additional Excise Duty:
  • Additional excise duty was levied on goods of high importance, under the Additional Excise under Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act, 1957. This duty was levied on some special category of goods.
• Special Excise Duty:
  • This type of excise duty was levied on special goods classified under the Second Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985.

• The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389, of which 93 were representatives of princely states.

Key Points

• The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389, out of which 292 were representatives of the provinces.
  • 93 represented the princely states and four were from Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and Chief Commissioner provinces of British Balochistan.
  • The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution of India.
  • It was elected by the provincial assembly. After India's independence from the British government in 1947, its members served as the country's first parliament.
  • Constituent Assembly resolution in 1934 by M.N. Roy, a pioneer of the communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy.
  • This became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935, the Indian National Congress held its session in Lucknow in April 1936 under the chairmanship of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.

Additional Information

Committees of the Constituent assembly: