• Fiscal deficit = Total expenditure – Total receipts excluding borrowings.
• It is the amount of borrowing the government has to resort to meet its expenses.
  • A large deficit means a large amount of borrowing.

Important Points

• There are three different types of deficit in a budget depending upon the types of receipts and expenditure we take into consideration.
  • Revenue deficit.
  • Fiscal deficit.
  • Primary deficit.
• Revenue deficit = Total revenue expenditure – Total revenue receipts.
  • It is an excess of total revenue expenditure of the government over its total revenue receipts.
  • In another way, the shortfall of total revenue receipts compared to total revenue expenditure.
• Primary deficit = Fiscal deficit – Interest payments.
  • It is defined as the fiscal deficit of current year minus interest payments on previous borrowings.
• Deficit financing is the budgetary situation where expenditure is higher than the revenue.
  • It is a practice adopted for financing the excess expenditure with outside resources.

Key Points

• Budget deficit = total expenditure – total receipts.
• Monetized Fiscal Deficit = that part of the fiscal deficit covered by borrowing from the RBI.

The correct answer is Violet.

• Dispersion of white light is defined as the phenomenon of splitting white light into seven constituent colours when passed through the prism.

Key Points

• Visible light, also known as white light, is basically a collection of component colours.
• When white light passes through a glass prism it splits into its spectrum of colours which are violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red, and this process is termed dispersion.
• Violet bends or refracts the most because violet light in the visible light spectrum has a shorter wavelength of about 400 nanometers when compared to red at 650 nanometers.

In India, the green revolution was a time when agriculture productivity was greatly enhanced by adopting high-yielding varieties and modern tools and techniques such as tractors, insecticides, fertilisers, irrigation systems, and so on.

Important Points

•  Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian agronomist, agricultural scientist, plant geneticist, administrator, and humanitarian, is a global green revolution leader.
• For his leadership and participation in introducing and further improving high-yielding wheat and rice varieties, he has been dubbed the principal architect of India's green revolution.
• In the 1960s, Swaminathan's combined scientific work with Norman Borlaug, driving a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and backed by public policy, spared India and Pakistan from famine-like circumstances.
• In 1987, he received the world's first World Food Prize.
• He has been dubbed "the Father of Economic Ecology" by the United Nations Environment Programme.

Additional Information

• Durgesh Patel was known as the father of the pink revolution- in India.
• Satyan Sam Pitroda is recognised as the "Father of India's Computer and IT Revolution" because, as an advisor to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, he assisted him in introducing computerization to India.
• Verghese Kurien is known as the Father of the White Revolution of India, Milkman of India. Indian Milk Man.

​Therefore, M.S. Swaminathan is known as the Father of the Green Revolution in India.

Key Points

• Bonalu is a traditional Hindu festival centered on the Goddess Mahakali from Telangana.
• This festival is celebrated annually in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, as well as in other parts of the state.
• It is celebrated in the month of Ashada Masam, which is around July and/or August.

Additional Information

Saraswati Puja (Vasant Panchami)

• Vasant Panchami, also called Saraswati Puja in honor of the Hindu goddess Saraswati, is a festival that marks the preparation for the arrival of spring.
• The festival is celebrated in Indian religions in different ways depending on the region.

Durga Puja  (Navratri)

• Durga Puja, also known as Durgotsava or Sharodotsava, is an annual Hindu festival originating in the Indian subcontinent which reveres and pays homage to the Hindu goddess Durga and is also celebrated because of Durga's victory over Mahishasur.

Lakhsmi Puja (Diwali)

• Lakshmi Puja is a Hindu occasion for the veneration of Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity and the supreme goddess of Vaishnavism.
• The occasion is celebrated on the Amavasya in the Vikram Samvat Hindu calendar month of Ashwayuja or Kartika, on the third day of Deepavali in most parts of India.

In News

• The METOC seminar "Meghayan-24" was conducted by the School of Naval Oceanology & Meteorology (SNOM) and Indian Naval Meteorological Analysis Centre (INMAC) at Southern Naval Command on 28th March 2024.

Key Points

• The seminar was held under the theme "At the Frontline of Climate Action" as promoted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for 2024.
• Admiral R Hari Kumar, Chief of the Naval Staff, emphasized the need for immediate focus on climate change challenges and the Indian Navy's commitment to sustainable policies.
• Guest speakers Dr. TVS Uday Bhaskar and Dr. Ragavendra Ashit discussed the latest techniques and climate data analysis aiding decision-making at the national level.
• The panel discussions highlighted the effects of weather and climate change on naval operations and showcased techniques adopted by the Indian Navy and scientific organizations.
• An indigenous mobile application named INDRA (Indian Naval Dynamic Resource for Weather Analysis) was launched to disseminate weather-related information and forecasts, aiding quick decision-making.
• The seminar provided a platform for sharing knowledge and insights on weather and climate services and discussed strategies to address climate change challenges.

Key Points

• Holi is typically celebrated at the end of winter, on the day after the full moon in the Hindu month of Phalguna, which usually falls in late February or early March.
• The night before Holi is known as Holika Dahan or Choti Holi, during which bonfires are lit to signify the burning of the evil Holika.
• The next day, which is the main day of Holi celebrations, is often called Dhulandi or Rangwali Holi, where people play with colours and water.

Additional Information

Important festival of India

• Diwali - It is a festival of lights and one of the biggest festivals in India.
• Dussera -  It is the story of the triumph of Rama, an avatar of Vishnu, over the 10-headed demon king Ravana. It is celebrated as the symbol of the triumph of good over evil.

Key Points:

• Hima Das nicknamed the Dhing Express, is an Indian sprinter from Assam of India.
• She awarded from Arjuna award in 2018.
• Asian Games in 2018, Hima Das won a silver medal in the 4×400-metre mixed relay
• Hima Das won gold in the 400 meters at the IAAF World U20 Championships, clocking 51.46 seconds.

Additional Information:

Nickname of Important Indian Sportsperson:

The correct answer is Hindu

Key Points

• The Udayagiri Caves primarily depict art related to Hinduism. These caves, located in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, are a complex of twenty rock-cut caves near Vidisha, and they are renowned for their ancient Hindu sculptures and carvings dedicated to various deities from Hindu mythology.
• The most famous among these is the iconic representation of Vishnu in his boar avatar, Varaha, rescuing the earth (depicted as Bhudevi) from the ocean.
• The Udayagiri Caves, which belong to the Gupta period (4th-5th century CE), showcase a rich expression of Hindu religious art and are a testament to the religious and cultural flourishing during the Gupta Empire, often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Hindu art and architecture.

Additional Information

• The Kanheri Caves are a collection of rock-cut monuments, prayer halls, and buildings and are now a popular tourist attraction.
  • This cave was created by a Buddhist monk.

Key Points

• The highest wind energy production in India is in Tamil Nadu state.
• The south Indian state of Tamil Nadu tops the list, with an annual wind power output of around 9,000 MW per annum- recording 8,631 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2018 and 9,075 MW in 2019.
• Out of the state’s total installed capacity for electricity generation (which was 30,447 MW by the end of 2018), the wind sector contributed 28.34%.
• The Government of Tamil Nadu realized the importance and need for renewable energy, and set up a separate Agency, as a registered society, called the Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) as early as 1985.
• Boasting India’s largest installed wind power generation capacity, Tamil Nadu has located in the district of Kanyakumari, it features several wind turbines varying from 200KW to 1,650KW.

Additional Information

Key Points

• A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings.
• The most common string instruments in the string family are guitar, electric bass, violin, viola, cello, double bass, banjo, mandolin, ukulele, and harp.
• The trumpet is the musical instrument with the highest register in the brass family.
• Trumpets are among the oldest musical instruments, dating back to at least 1500 BC.
• They are played by blowing air through closed lips, producing a “buzzing” sound.
• As with all brass instruments, the sound is produced by blowing air through closed lips, producing a “buzzing” sound into the mouthpiece and starting a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the trumpet.
• Therefore trumpet is not a type of stringed instrument.
• Image of Trumpet-