The correct answer is option 2 i.e. 6.17 × 10⁻²¹ J.

The average kinetic energy per molecule of an ideal gas can be calculated using the formula:

(KE= 3/2K_BT)

where K_B is the Boltzmann constant (1.38×10^-23 J/K) and T is the temperature in Kelvin. For 25°C (298 K):

KE= 3/2 * 1.38 × 10^-23 J/K * 298K = 6.17 × 10⁻²¹ J

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. Kinetic Energy.

The type of energy associated with falling coconuts, speeding cars, rolling stones, and flying aircraft is kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The faster an object moves and the more mass it has, the more kinetic energy it possesses. All of these examples involve objects in motion, which is why they have kinetic energy.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e James Prescott Joule.

• The physicist known for establishing the relationship between mechanical work and heat transfer is James Prescott Joule.
• Joule conducted experiments that demonstrated the mechanical equivalent of heat, showing that a specific amount of mechanical work produces a corresponding amount of heat.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. Cattle dung.

• Cattle dung has been used as a traditional and conventional source of energy for cooking, heating, and biogas production.
• Its benefits include being a renewable and cost-effective resource, particularly in rural areas. The use of cattle dung contributes to sustainable energy practices and better waste management.
• However, challenges related to efficiency, handling, and infrastructure need to be addressed to maximize its potential as an energy source.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Galileo Galilei – Wave theory of light.

• The incorrect pair of physicists and their contributions/discoveries is: Galileo Galilei – Wave theory of light
• Galileo Galilei was a pioneering scientist known for his contributions to astronomy, motion, and the scientific method, but he did not develop the wave theory of light.
•  The wave theory of light is associated with later scientists such as Christiaan Huygens and, more comprehensively, with the work of James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. negative, positive and neutral.

The signs of the charges of an electron, proton, and neutron are as follows:

• Electron: Negative charge (−1e)
• Proton: Positive charge (+1e)
• Neutron: No charge (0)

So, the signs of their charges are negative, positive, and neutral, respectively.

The correct answer is option 4 i.e The sudden application of brakes in a vehicle.

The sudden application of brakes in a vehicle is not an example of inertia at rest; it is an example of inertia of motion.

Inertia of motion refers to the tendency of a moving object to continue moving at the same velocity unless acted upon by an external force. When brakes are suddenly applied, the vehicle decelerates, but the passengers inside tend to continue moving forward due to their inertia of motion. This is why passengers may lurch forward when a vehicle stops suddenly.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. Fusion.

• The phenomenon opposite to solidification is melting (or fusion).
• Solidification is the process where a liquid turns into a solid, typically by cooling.
• Conversely, melting is the process where a solid turns into a liquid, typically by heating.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e. 2001.

Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, and Carl E. Wieman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001. They were awarded the prize for their pioneering work in achieving Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms. This groundbreaking research demonstrated a new state of matter, where atoms are cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, allowing them to occupy the same quantum state and exhibit collective quantum phenomena. Their work has significantly advanced the field of quantum physics.

The correct answer is option 1 i.e. Albert Einstein.

• With the Theory of Relativity, Albert Einstein revolutionized the field of physics. His theories—Special Relativity and General Relativity—profoundly altered our comprehension of space, time, and gravity.
• By challenging conventional notions, Einstein's work laid the foundational principles for modern physics.
• These revolutionary ideas not only reshaped classical physics but also significantly influenced the development of Quantum Mechanics.