The Ahmadiya movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed (1835-1908) in 1889 established a different trend. While emphasizing the return to the original principles enunciated in the Quran, Ghulam Ahmed became controversial when he claimed to be a Messiah, which was considered heretical by mainstream Islam. But he won many converts.

The first issue of the Gadar newspaper was published on November 1, 1913, in Urdu by the Gadar Party, which was based in San Francisco, USA. The publication was aimed at uniting Indians living abroad against British colonial rule. The Punjabi edition of the paper followed shortly afterward on December 9, 1913. These newspapers played a crucial role in awakening revolutionary fervor among Indians worldwide.

Bhagat Singh, along with Rajguru and Sukhdev, was executed on March 23, 1931, in Lahore for his involvement in the Lahore Conspiracy Case. He is celebrated as a martyr who sacrificed his life for India’s independence from British rule.

​The Satnami movement was started by Guru Ghasidas in the early 19th century in what is now Chhattisgarh, Central India.

The movement aimed to improve the social and spiritual lives of Dalits, particularly leather workers and other marginalized communities, emphasizing equality and monotheism.

Guru Ghasidas advocated for a casteless society and promoted the worship of a formless god, rejecting idol worship.

On 24 September 1873, Jyotirao Govindrao Phule formed Satyashodhak Samaj to focus on rights of depressed groups such women, the Shudra, and the Dalit.

Through this samaj, he opposed idolatry and denounced the caste system.

Satyashodhak Samaj campaigned for the spread of rational thinking and rejected the need for priests.

It was a reformational society that promoted education and increased social rights, justice, and political access in the deprived sections.

Moreover, its primary focus was on uplifting and supporting Dalits, Shudras, and women in Maharashtra. Jyotiba Phule’s wife, Savitribai, used to administer the social activities for the women’s section.

​The famous slogan "Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it" was coined by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, one of the prominent leaders of the Indian freedom movement.

He was a strong advocate for self-rule (Swaraj) and played a key role in the freedom struggle during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The Poona Pact was signed in 1932 between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, representing the Dalits (then referred to as the "Depressed Classes").

The pact was a significant agreement that followed a fast undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi to protest the separate electorates for Dalits, which was introduced by the British Government in the Round Table Conference.

Rabindranath Tagore, the famous poet and Nobel laureate, returned his knighthood in 1919 as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which occurred on April 13, 1919, was a tragic event where British troops, under the command of General Reginald Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of unarmed Indian civilians in Amritsar. Hundreds of people were killed, and many more were injured.

The massacre sparked widespread outrage across India, and Rabindranath Tagore, deeply moved by the brutality, returned the title of 'Sir' that had been conferred upon him by the British in 1915 as a symbol of protest against the colonial oppression.

Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was elected to this position in 1925 during the Kanpur Session of the Congress. Known as the "Nightingale of India" for her poetic works, Sarojini Naidu was an influential leader in the Indian freedom movement and a key figure in the struggle for women's rights and education.

The Forward Bloc was founded by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1939 after he split from the Indian National Congress (INC) due to differences with the Congress leadership, particularly with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.

The main objective of the Forward Bloc was to unite the leftist forces and revolutionary elements within the Indian independence movement to fight for complete independence from British rule.

The Forward Bloc was seen as a more radical faction compared to the INC and advocated for more direct action and mass mobilization to achieve its goals.