Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. Over 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust after oxygen.

Nichrome generally refers to any alloy of nickel, chromium, and often iron and other elements or substances. Nichrome alloys are typically used in resistance wire.

German silver is a copper alloy with nickel and often zinc. The usual formulation is 60% copper, 20% nickel and 20% zinc.

Antoine-Henri Becquerel is known for his discovery of radioactivity, for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903.

Antoine Lavoisier was a French nobleman and chemist central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and a large influence on both thehistory of chemistry and the history of biology. He is widely considered in popular literature as the "father of modern chemistry".

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure. At room temperature and pressure it is metastable and graphite is the stable form, but diamond almost never converts to graphite. The chemical formula of diamond is C which is the chemical symbol for the element carbon.

The MKS system of units is a physical system of units that expresses any given measurement using fundamental units of the metre, kilogramme, and second (MKS). In 1901, Giovanni Giorgi proposed that this system, extended with a fourth unit to be taken from the units of electromagnetism, be used as an international system.

* A metal is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

* Sulfur is characterized as a non-metal because it is consistent with the 3 physical properties listed for nonmetals. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity because the electrons are not free to move. 

* Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates.

* Nitrogen is non metal.

The lightest or least dense metal that is a pure element is lithium, which has a density of 0.534 g/cm³. This makes lithium nearly half as dense as water, so if lithium was not so reactive, a chunk of the metal would float on water.

Quicklime is a widely used chemical compound. It is a white, caustic, alkaline, crystalline solid at room temperature. When limestone is heated, at about 1000⁰ C it undergoes thermal decomposition. It loses carbon dioxide and turns into quicklime (calcium oxide).