Most ozone gas (about 90 %) is located in the atmospheric layer of Stratosphere.

Based on temperature variation our atmosphere can be classified into the following layers mainly;

• Troposphere – From Earth’s surface up to 10 km. Here, temperature decreases with increasing height. We, humans, live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here.
• Stratosphere – From 10 km above the surface to 50 km above the surface. Here, temperature increases with increasing height due to the presence of the ozone layer. Ozone gas is capable of absorbing harmful UV rays and due to the absorption the temperature increases. All the aeroplanes fly in this zone as due to high temperature there is less turbulence and hence smoother flights are possible.
• Mesosphere – From 50 km above the surface to 85 km above the surface. Here, the temperature again decreases with increasing height. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere
• Ionosphere – Beyond 85 km there is thermosphere layer and Ionosphere is a series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere.

Note: Ozone(O₃) is blue in colour and has strong odour while Oxygen(O₂) is colourless and odourless.

The major constituent of biogas are Methane and Carbon dioxide while some traces of H₂S and ammonia are also there.

• It is released when the Cow, Buffalo and Pig manure is processed Anaerobically i.e. in the absence of Oxygen.

• Biogas can be used for Space Heating, Generation of Electricity, Fuel for Cooking etc.

Note: Biogas is a Clean Renewable Energy Source and even it is Economically Friendly.

• Rajasthan and Haryana are theonly states who have made it necessary to hold certain minimum educational qualifications to be eligible to contest Panchayat Elections.
• Karnataka, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh have put a restriction of having a toilet at home to be eligible to contest Panchayat Elections.

Note: Part IX relates to the three-tier Panchayati Raj Institutions and was added to the Constitution by the 73rd Amendment in 1993.

• Delegation is the assignment of any responsibility or authority to another person to carry out specific activities. Hence 1^st statement is wrong.
• In delegation, the manager empowers a subordinate to make decisions i.e. the higher authority is conferring specific authority to a lower authority. Hence, 2^nd statement is also wrong.

The only option left i.e. option 3 is the answer.

Note: The Manager is still accountable even after the delegation.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 4 i.e. Rule of Law, Law Making procedure and Parliamentary system.

Features borrowed from the British constitution:

• Nominal Head i.e. President
• Cabinet System of Ministers
• Post of PM
• Parliamentary system
• Bicameral Parliament
• Lower House more powerful
• Council of Ministers responsible to Lowe House
• Speaker in Lok Sabha
• Rule of Law
• Law Making procedure

Note: Independence of judiciary and judicial review was borrowed from the USA.

Did you know?

70% of our constitution is based on the 1935 Government of India Act.

The fourth schedule is the correct answer.

• The fourth schedule has fixed the number of Members of the Rajya Sabha to be elected from each state.
• The allocation of seats is made on the basis of the population of each state.

Note: There are 12 schedules in the Indian constitution.

How to remember all the schedules: Code for 12 schedules is TEARS OF OLD PM

1st Schedule: T- Territory, 2nd Schedule: E- Emoluments/salary, 3rd Schedule: A- Affirmation/Oath, 4th Schedule: R- Rajya Sabha, 5th Schedule: S- Scheduled Tribes, 6th Schedule: O- Other Tribes, 7th Schedule: F- Federal (Division Of Powers), 8th Schedule: O- Official Regional Languages, 9th Schedule: L- Land Reform, 10th Schedule: D- Defection (Anti-Defection Law), 11th Schedule: P- Panchayati Raj, 12th Schedule: M- Municipal Corporation

Option two is correct.

• The demographic dividend is an economic benefit resulting from the increase in the working age population.
• For a demographic dividend, a country must go through a demographic transition where it switches from a largely rural agrarian economy with high fertility and mortality rates to an urban industrial society characterized by low fertility and mortality rates.
• India is currently going through the phase of the demographic dividend.

Note: The term, “demographic dividend”, was first coined by David Bloom.

The correct answer is (a) i.e. 1, 2, 3

All are related to Five-year plans of the Planning Commission

• Mahalanobis Model – Second Five-year plan. The essence of the model is a shift in the pattern of industrial investment towards building up a domestic consumption goods sector.
• Plan Holiday – After the failure of the third Five-year plan. The government declared plan holidays (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69) and there were annual plans instead of Five-year plans.
• Rolling Plan - The Janta Government terminated the fifth Five-year plan in 1977-78 and launched its own sixth Five-year plan for period 1978-83 and called it a Rolling Plan

Note:Planning Commission is now replaced by NITI Aayog

The correct answer is1 and 2 only

Monetary policy is the macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank.

• It involves the management of the money supply and interest rate
• It is used to achieve macroeconomic objectives like inflation, consumption, growth and liquidity.

Monetary policy in India is governed by RBI through various tools like

• Cash Reserve Ratio
• Statutory Liquidity Ratio
• Open market operations
• Bank rate
• Moral suasion

Note: According to the fourth bimonthly policy of 2018-19, CRR is 4 and SLR is 19.5%

Devaluation of currency will be more beneficial if prices of exports become cheaper to importers. Hence, b is the answer.

• Devaluation is the reduction in the value of currency and is generally used to combat trade imbalances.
• It will be more beneficial because more forex will inflow into our country.

Note: Devaluation is a monetary policy tool used by countries that have a fixed exchange rate or semi-fixed exchange rate.