The early Indian cave temples and monasteries are masterpieces of "organising space" with beauty and utility in view.

A typical example of early cave architecture is the most datable cave of all, the so-called Lomas Rishi cave in the Barabar Hills of Bihar. Therefore statement 1 is correct.

An inscription proves that this was excavated for the Ajivika sect in the time of Ashoka himself. Therefore, statement 2 is correct

6th century BCE marks the beginning of new religious and social movements in the Gangetic valley in the form of Buddhism and Jainism which were part of the shraman tradition.

Ashoka emerged as the most powerful king of the Mauryan dynasty who patronised the shraman tradition in the third century BCE. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

Worship of Yakshas and mother goddesses were prevalent during that time. So, multiple forms of worship existed. Therefore, statement 2 is NOT correct.

The tradition of constructing pillars is very old and it may be observed that erection of pillars was prevalent in the Achaemenian empire as well. But the Mauryan pillars are different from the Achaemenian pillars. Therefore, statement 3 is NOT correct.

Volga river rises in the Valdai Hills northwest of Moscow, Russia.

• The Volga discharges into the Caspian Sea.

Ob-Irtysh River is a river of central Russia.

• One of the greatest rivers of Asia, the Ob flows north and west across western Siberia in a twisting diagonal from its sources in the Altai Mountains to its outlet through the Gulf of Ob into the Kara Sea of the Arctic Ocean.
• The Irtysh drains into China’s Dsungarian basin.

The Yenisey River is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.

• The world’s sixth-largest river in terms of discharge, the Yenisey runs from south to north across the great expanse of central Siberia.

The Lena River is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean.

• The Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world.

Archaeologists have discovered thousands of seals, usually made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals, such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc. at various sites of Indus valley.

• The purpose of producing seals was mainly commercial. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.
• It appears that the seals were also used as amulets, carried on the persons of their owners, perhaps as modern-day identity cards.
• Every seal is engraved in a pictographic script which is yet to be deciphered.

The standard Harappan seal was a square plaque 2×2 square inches, usually made from the soft river stone, steatite.

Some seals have also been found in gold and ivory. Therefore, statement 2 is NOT correct.

Prehistoric paintings have been found in many parts of the world.

We do not really know if Lower Palaeolithic people ever produced any art objects. But by the Upper Palaeolithic times, we see a proliferation of artistic activities.

• In India, the earliest paintings have been reported from the Upper Palaeolithic times. Therefore, statements 1 is correct.
• It is interesting to know that the first discovery of rock paintings was made in India in 1867–68 by an archaeologist, Archibold Carlleyle, twelve years before the discovery of Altamira in Spain. Therefore, statement 2 is correct.

Remnants of rock paintings have been found on the walls of the caves situated in several districts of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Bihar. Some paintings have been reported from the Kumaon hills in Uttarakhand also. Therefore, statement 3 is incorrect.

Electronegativity

• It is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
• The higher the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its ability to attract shared electrons.
• The atoms of each element have an increasing number of energy levels as one goes from top to bottom in the group. The electrons in a bond are thus farther away from the nucleus and are held less tightly.
• Hence, the value of electronegativity decreases from top to bottom in the group of the periodic table.

Atomic radius

• It is the distance from the atom's nucleus to the outer edge of the electron cloud.
• Atomic radius increases from top to bottom within a group. This is caused by electron shielding.
• Electron shielding prevents the outer electrons from being attracted to the nucleus.

Ionisation enthalpy

• It the amount of energy required by an isolated gaseous atom to lose an electron in its ground state.
• The value of ionisation enthalpy decreases as moving from top to bottom in the group. 
• The atomic number increases and the number of shells also increases. As a result, the outermost electrons far away from the nucleus can be removed easily.

Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves and frequency can be defined as the number of wave cycles happening in one sec. The types of sound waves whose frequencies are lower than the audible limit of human hearing are called Infrasonic waves.

• Elephants - Elephants can communicate using very low-frequency sounds, with pitches below the range of human hearing. These low-frequency sounds, termed "infrasounds," can travel several kilometres, and provide elephants with a "private" communication channel that plays an important role in elephants' complex social life. Their frequencies are as low as the lowest notes of a pipe organ.
• Pigeons - Pigeons can hear infrasound, sounds that are much lower than a frequency the human can hear. With the average pigeon being able to hear sounds as low as 0.5 Hz, they can detect distant storms, earthquakes, and even volcanoes.
• Whales - Whales too, communicate at infrasonic levels.

Bats, on the other hand, emit sounds at typically 2 or 3 times higher pitch than we can hear. Sounds above human hearing are usually called ultrasonic. Therefore, Statement 2 is NOT correct.

The social division takes place when social differences overlap with other differences. 

Outcomes of the politics of social division are mostly influenced by three factors:

The way people perceive their identities:  

• People see their identities in singular and exclusive terms.
• If people see themselves in singular terms and demand a special recognition of their identity then it becomes difficult to accommodate the social divisions.
• If people perceive their identity as a part of the nation then people belonging to a different caste, religion, and tradition can live peacefully in the country. 

The way the political leaders raise the demand of a particular community: 

• The demands which are within the constitutional Framework are easy to accommodate.  
• The demand must not negatively influence another community. 

Government's reaction to the demand of different groups:

• Social division can be minimized if the government gives equal representation to both majorities as well as minority social groups.

A political party is an organization that mobilizes people intending to win political power. Examples: BJP, Congress, CPI, etc. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

An interest group is an organization that seeks to promote a common interest by exerting pressure on the government. Examples FICCI, fertilizer dealers Association, etc. Therefore, statement 2 is correct.

A movement is a struggle launched for the resolution of a social problem with or without groups or an organized structure or leadership. Examples: Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Andolan, etc. Therefore, statement 3 is correct.

Organizations that undertake activities to promote the interests of specific social sections such as workers, employees, teachers, and lawyers are called sectional interest groups. Therefore, statement 4 is correct.

Haiyang-2C is a new ocean-monitoring satellite launched recently by China. Therefore, statement 1 is not correct.