Murmansk is a seaport in northwestern Russia, at the end of a deep bay of the Barents Sea. Therefore, pair 1 is correctly matched.

St. Petersburg is a Russian port city on the Baltic Sea. Therefore, pair 2 is correctly matched.

The Port of Rostov is a major sea and river port, and one of the oldest in Russia on the Black Sea. Therefore, pair 3 is NOT correctly matched.

Vladivostok is a seaport and administrative centre of Primorsky Kray (territory), extreme southeastern Russia. Therefore, pair 4 is NOT correctly matched.

The island chain known as the Kurils stretches north across the Pacific Ocean from the Japanese island of Hokkaido to the southern tip of Russia's the Kamchatka Peninsula. It consists of 56 islands and minor rocks.

Four islands - which Russia calls the Southern Kurils and Japan call the Northern Territories - are the subject of a 60-year-old dispute between the two nations.

• They are Kunashir (known in Japanese as Kunashiri), Iturup (Etorofu), Shikotan and the rocky Habomai islets.
• The southernmost islet in the Habomai group lies only a few kilometres off Nemuro on the Japanese island of Hokkaido
• Because of the dispute, Russia and Japan have not yet signed a peace treaty to end World War II.

New species are formed due to

• Geographical isolation,
• Genetic drift, 
• Variation so variation is due to change in chromosome number. Therefore, statement (A) is correct.
• Change of DNA in germ cell and due to change in genetic material. Therefore, statement (B) is correct.

Evolution will not take place without change and variation the genetic material.

Therefore, the change in genetic material and variation in a chromosome is required for the evolution of new species.

A pressure group is an organized or unorganized body that influences government policies in many ways by exerting pressure on them. The members of a pressure group have a common interest and aim to fight for that interest.

Pressure groups influences politics in many ways:

• They gain public support to fulfil their objectives through information campaigns, protests, organizing meetings, and filing petitions.
• They hold strikes and influence governments program to force their demands on the government. 
• They use the professional lobby to influence government policies. 
• A pressure group can be formed or led by the leader of political parties or it can act as an extended arm of that particular political party. 
• They help to draw the attention of the government towards issues of weaker sections of the society.

The Indian constitution in its original enactment defined education as state subject.

Under Article 42 of the constitution, an amendment was added in 1976 and education became a concurrent list subject which enables the central government to legislate it in the manner suited to it.

Parthenogenesis is a modification of sexual reproduction in which an egg develops into a complete organism without fertilization.

In honey bee, unfertilized eggs development to the male bee which are the drones with the haploid cell, and the fertilized egg give rise to the female Queen bees and worker bees with the diploid cell.

The Queen bee is the largest in size and lays a large number of eggs.

So, Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the A.

Scientists from Raman Research Institute (RRI), an autonomous institute under the Department of Science & Technology, have found a new way of inferring the state of a system (both two-dimensional qubits as well as higher-dimensional “qubits”) from an interference pattern, which they term ‘Quantum State Interferography’.

This method of characterisation called Quantum State Interferography can help make such manipulations simpler so that several crucial operations in quantum technologies become less cumbersome. So, statement 1 is correct.

The setup requires only two interferometers from which many interferograms can be obtained to reconstruct the state. So, statement 3 is correct.

A qubit is a 2-dimensional quantum system and requires usually 2 complex numbers to be determined towards state estimation. So, statement 2 is not correct

The Ajanta caves are situated at a distance of about 100 km north of Aurangabad in Maharashtra.

Ajanta has twenty-nine caves.

It has four chaitya caves datable to the earlier phase, i.e., the second and the first century BCE (Cave Nos. 10 and 9) and the later phase, i.e., the fifth century CE (Cave Nos. 19 and 26).

The Hinayana sect of Buddhism started the excavation of caves in Ajanta.

Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east.

Bulgaria shares its border with Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece and Turkey.

Lake Baikal is located in the southern part of eastern Siberia within the republic of Buryatia and Irkutsk oblast (province) of Russia.

It is the oldest existing freshwater lake on Earth (20 million–25 million years old), as well as the deepest continental body of water. Therefore, statement 1 is correct.

It is also the world’s largest freshwater lake by volume, containing about one-fifth of the fresh water on Earth’s surface. Therefore, statement 2 is NOT correct.

It is the second-longest after Lake Tanganyika. Therefore, statement 3 is NOT correct.