* In 1976, the 42nd amendment to the Constitution was passed. Among other things, this amendment inserted a list of Fundamental Duties of Citizens. In all, ten duties were enumerated. India attained its Republic status on 26^th January, 1950. Hence, statement 1 is Correct.

* However, the Constitution of India does not say anything about enforcing these duties. Hence, statement 2 is Incorrect.

* However, it must be noted that our Constitution does not make the enjoyment of rights dependent or conditional upon fulfilment of duties. In this sense, the inclusion of fundamental duties has not changed the status of our fundamental rights. Hence, statement 3 is Incorrect.

Source : NCERT Political science book for class-XI (Indian Constitution at Work), ch-2, page-44.

According to Article 51 A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom;

to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India

to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture; Hence statement 3 is correct.

to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;

to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; Hence statement 1 is correct.

to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; and Hence statement 3 is correct.

to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

To protect the weaker sections from social injustice is fundamentally the role of Government and hence part of DPSC. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.

Fundamental duties:

According to Article 51A, it shall be the duty of every citizen of India:

a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom;

c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;

d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture;

g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;

h) to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;

i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;

j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; and

k) to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. This duty was added by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Fundamental duties of citizens are included in constitution by 42^nd amendment of constitution. They were not in original constitution. They are all 10 in number and constitution does not say anything about its enforcement.

We should note that fundamental duties and fundamental rights are co-relative but constitution does not provide that their fulfilment is necessary for enjoyment of fundamental rights.

PART IVA FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES 51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India— (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; (k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

● The idea of Fundamental Duties is inspired from the Constitution of Russia. Hence statement 2 is correct.

● Based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee, these were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.

● Originally 10 in number, one more duty was added through the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

● All the eleven duties are listed in Article 51-A of the Constitution,The duties are also non-justiciable in nature.

● The fundamental duties serve as a reminder to citizens that while enjoying their rights, they have also to be quite conscious of duties they owe to their country, their society and to their fellow-citizens. Thus, they are applicable only to citizens. Hence statement 3 is incorrect.

The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51.

The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. They require the State:

- To secure opportunities for the healthy development of children (Article 39).

- To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A).

- To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries (Article 43 A). Fundamental Duties do not have any provision related to this concern.

- To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife (Article 48 A). Under Article 51A (g) it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. So, option 1 is correct.

Uniform civil code is mentioned only under DPSP of the constitution.

In addition, Under Article 51A Constitution also provides that:

- it shall be the duty of every citizen of India

- to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities

- to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

- to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform. àDPSPs do not have provision which are directly related to the above two concerns.

So, options 2, 3 and 4 are not correct.

● The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 amendment inserted a new article, Article 21-A, into the Constitution, that seeks to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.

● Amendment of article 51A( Fundamental duties).- In article 51A of the Constitution, after clause (J), the following clause shall be added, namely:-"(k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years."

• The Fundamental Duties are mentioned in Article 51A of the Constitution. Fundamental duties are non-justiciable, i.e., they cannot be enforced in the court of law.
• Fundamental duties are not made enforceable by a writ of the court like the fundamental rights, but they are fundamental to the well being of society and individuals
• Fundamental Duties of the citizens of India are mentioned in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution. It has been enumerated by the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976. 
• Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years.