• Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were two types of taxes collected in South India, particularly Maratha Empire.

• 'Chauth' means basically 1/4th, i.e., 25% of gross revenue or produce to be paid to jagirdars of Maratha empire from a hostile or alien state.

• 'Sardeshmukhi' is an additional 10% tax levied upon the collected 'Chauth'.

The British Viceroy, Lord Curzon, was a staunch imperialist and believed in the superiority of the English people. He passed the Indian Universities Act in 1904.

Pull Factors: Villagers get attracted to cities for the following: 1. Employment; 2. Better and more opportunities; 3. Better social amenities; 4. Better lifestyle; 5. Continuous trade and economic expansion; and 6. Territorial expansion.

Push Factors: Villagers are forced to move to cities because of the following: 1. Overpopulation (often one or more members move out of large families and then invite others to come to cities); 2. Poverty; 3. Unemployment; 4. Religious/political persecution; 5. Slavery/bonded labour; 6. Lack of food; 7. Racial discrimination; 8. Natural hazards and climate change; and 9. Fragmentation of family-owned land

• Podu, Beewar, Penda are local names in various parts of India to denote Shifting kind of cultivation.

• Podu is a traditional system of cultivation and it is used by tribes in India.

• In Podu system, different areas of jungle forest are cleared by burning to provide land for crops each year.

• The word “Podu” comes from the Telugu language.

• It is a form of shifting agriculture by using slash – burn method.

• Traditionally, It is used on the hill-slopes of Andhra Pradesh.

• Podu is similar to the bewar system found in Madhya Pradesh and the jhum method of north-east India.

Article 143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court-( 1 ) If at any time it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen, or is likely to arise, which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he may refer the question to that Court for consideration and the Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon.

Of the above-mentioned features, option ‘c’ is not a feature of the secondary capital market instead it is a feature of the primary capital market. The primary market is the part of the capital market that deals with the issuance and sale of securities to investors directly by the issuer, whereas secondary markets (aka aftermarket) is the financial market in which previously issued financial instruments, such as stock and bonds are bought and sold.

Branches of important sciences and their field of study

Ornithology - Study of Birds

Phycology - The study of Algae

Serology -The study of Lizard

Entomology - Study of Insects

Apiculture – Beekeeping

Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth. The amount of insolation decreases from the equator towards the poles. Therefore, the temperature decreases in the same manner.

The genetic material of a body is found in DNA. This DNA is situated in chromosomes which are located inside nucleus of a cell. There are 23 pairs of chromosome. The last pair is known as sex chromosome.

● Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life and adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for the good water quality.

● Dissolved Oxygen is defined as the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in the water.