With reference to Indian freedom Struggle, leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh and Lala Lajpat Rai could be associated with Militant Nationalist School of Thought. They believed in armed struggle and violent non-cooperation against the British. Other prominent leaders of the school of thought includes – Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar and Rajnarain Bose and Ashwini Kumar Dutt. They overtook/led the second phase (1905-1918) of Nationalism and fight against British.

Of the above-mentioned statements, both statements 1 and 2 are correct. Sher Shah Suri was the founder of the Suri Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He introduced the currency of rupee. An ethnic Afghan, Sher Shah, took control of the Mughal Empire in 1538 and after his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor.

Tundra is formed in two distinct cold and dry regions. Arctic tundra are found on high-latitude landmasses, above the Arctic Circle. Alpine tundra are located at very high elevations atop mountains, where overnight temperatures fall below freezing. Tundra regions typically get less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation annually, which means these areas are also considered deserts. They have long, cold winters with high winds and average temperatures below freezing for six to ten months of the year. The soil in the Arctic is largely permafrost also scarce in many of the nutrients that plants need to grow. the tundra has patchy, low-to-ground vegetation consisting of small shrubs, grasses, mosses, sedges, and lichens, all of which are better adapted to withstand tundra conditions.

* India is one of largest producer of iron ore in the world. Mines of India are distributed in different regions. Most of the India’s ore deposits are concentrated in the north-east of peninsular India in the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Major mines are:

* Chhattisgarh: Arindogi, Raoghat and Bailadia (Bastar), Dhalli — Rajbara (Durg), etc.

* Odisha: Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Diringburi districts.

* Karnataka: Babudan hill, Hospet, Chitradurg, Tumkur, Sandur and Bellary districts.

* Jharkhand: Noamundi, Notaburu, Pansiraburu, Budaburu, Guo, Barajamada, Meghahataburu in Singhblim district. Andhra Pradesh: Anantpur, Kurmool, Adilabed, Karimnegct, etc

*  Goa: Bicholim, Sirigao, Mapusa, Netarlim, etc.

* Maharashtra: Pipalagoon, Asola, Lohara in Chandrapura district.

Article 110 of the Indian constitution defines Money bills as ‘A Bill is said to be a Money Bill if it only contains provisions related to taxation, borrowing of money by the government, expenditure from or receipt to the Consolidated Fund of India. Bills that only contain provisions that are incidental to these matters would also be regarded as Money Bills’. In matters of money bill, Lok Sabha has exclusive powers.

* Statement 1: Alluvial fans are formed when streams flowing from higher levels break into foot slope plains of low gradient. Normally very coarse load is carried by streams flowing over mountain slopes.

* This load becomes too heavy for the streams to be carried over gentler gradients and gets dumped and spread as a broad low to high cone shaped deposit called alluvial fan.

* Statement 2: Unlike in alluvial fans which are formed of coarse material, boulders rocks and debris, the deposits making up deltas are very well sorted with clear stratification.

* Deltas are formed by finer silts and sediments. The coarsest materials settle out first and the finer fractions like silts and clays are carried out into the sea by the rivers.

The correct pairing here would be – Open Market Operations: Buying and Selling of bonds issued by government in the open market; Repo rate: Central bank buy security with an agreement specifying about date and price of resale of this security; Reverse Repo rate: Central bank sell security with an agreement specifying about date and price of repurchase of this security; and Bank rate: rate at which central bank gives loans to commercial banks.

Biomagnification is the increase in the concentration of pollutants as we move up a food chain. Some of the pesticides we apply get into the food crop. The rat eats a lot of the crops and ingests more pesticide, the snake that consumes many rats accumulates even more of pesticide and finally, the highest concentration of the pesticide accumulates in the hawk.

The lion-tailed macaque is endemic to the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats in southern India. It is endangered. A recent assessment for IUCN reports that 3000-3500 of these animals live scattered over several areas in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka. The lion-tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates. Their range has become increasingly isolated and fragmented by the spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and cinchona, construction of water reservoirs for irrigation and power generation, and human settlements to support such activities.

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which molecular nitrogen in the air is converted into ammonia (NH3) or related nitrogenous compounds in soil, which is carried out by bacteria. These bacteria live in the roots of leguminous plants. Plant bacteria take nitrogen from the soil and produce ammonia. Other bacteria turn ammonia into ammonium nitrate, which is absorbed by green plants.