The correct answer is September 16.

Key Points 

• Ozone Layer:-
  • International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer or World Ozone Day is observed on September 16, every year.
  • It is celebrated to spread awareness among people about the depletion of the Ozone Layer and search for possible solutions to preserve it.
  • On December 19, 1994, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed September 16 the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.
  • On September 16, 1987, the United Nations and 45 other countries signed the Montreal Protocol, on substances that deplete the Ozone layer.
  • The purpose of the Montreal Protocol is to protect the Ozone layer by reducing the production of substances that are supposed to be responsible for Ozone layer depletion.
  • In 1985, the world’s governments adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.

Additional Information

• Other Important Days of September:-

The correct answer is 1954.

Key Points

• The Special Marriage Act, 1954 is an Act of the Parliament of India with provision for civil marriage (registered marriage) for people of India and all Indian nationals in foreign countries, irrespective of the religion or faith followed by either party.
  • The Special Marriage Act, 1954 replaced the old Act III, 1872. The new enactment had three major objectives:
    1. To provide a special form of marriage in certain cases,
    2. To provide for the registration of certain marriages and,
    3. To provide for divorce

Additional Information

• The Hindu Marriage Act is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted in 1955.
• Three other important acts were also enacted as part of the Hindu Code Bills during this time: the Hindu Succession Act (1956), the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (1956), and the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956).
  • The main purpose of the act was to amend and codify the law relating to marriage among Hindus and others.
  • The act applies to Hindus by religion in any of its forms and Hindus within the extended meaning i.e. Buddhist, Jains, or Sikh, and, in fact, applies to all such persons domiciled in the country who are not Muslims, Christians, Parsi, or Jew, unless it is proved that such persons are not governed by the Act under any custom or usage.
• The Government of India brought the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) in 2006, and it came into effect on 1 November 2007.
  • The object of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act is to prohibit the solemnization of child marriage and connected and incidental matters. To ensure that child marriage is eradicated from within society, the Government of India enacted the Prevention of Child Marriage Act 2006 by replacing the earlier legislation of Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929.
• The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, passed on 28 September 1929, in the Imperial Legislative Council of India, fixed the age of marriage for girls at 14 years and boys at 18 years. In 1949, after India's independence, it was amended to 15 for girls, and in 1978 to 18 for girls and 21 for boys. It is popularly known as the Sarda Act

The correct answer is Mohiniyattam.

• Mohiniyattam is traditionally a solo dance mainly performed by a female dancer.
• Mohini means beautiful woman and attam means dance.
• It is one of the eight classical dances of India and popular in Kerala.
• It is a combination of Bharatnatyam and Kathakali.
• Kathak is another classical dance of India and traditionally performed in Uttar Pradesh.
• Manipuri is another classical dance of India and traditionally performed in Manipur.
• Kuchipudi is another classical dance of India and traditionally performed in Andhra Pradesh.

The correct answer is Pesticide.

Key Points

• Biodegradable pollutants are substances or materials that can be broken down and decomposed by natural processes, such as bacteria or other living organisms, into simpler and non-harmful compounds.
• These pollutants include organic materials like food waste, paper, and natural fibers.
• Non-biodegradable pollutants, on the other hand, are substances or materials that do not break down easily or naturally in the environment over a short period of time.
• They persist in the environment and can cause long-term harm. Examples of non-biodegradable pollutants include plastics, certain chemicals, heavy metals, and synthetic materials.
• Faecal matter - Biodegradable organic waste from the digestive system of animals and humans that can be broken down by bacteria and other microorganisms.
• Urine - Biodegradable liquid waste produced by the kidneys that contains dissolved waste products and can decompose naturally.
• Domestic waste - Biodegradable waste generated from households, such as food scraps, paper, and plant material, which can be decomposed by biological processes.
• Pesticide - Non-biodegradable chemical substances used to control pests and insects that persist in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, causing ecological and health concerns.

The correct answer is concave.

Key Points

• Concave or trans face of Golgi is maturing face which produce Golgian vacuoles.
• The Golgi apparatus in animal cells is positioned near the centrosome-based microtubule organizing center.
• Golgi pericentrosomal position is a striking feature of mammalian cells.
• It is mostly the result of secretory and Golgi membrane movement toward the minus end of microtubules by the dynein motor complex.
• Regulation of Golgi positioning is also important, it can occur at  different stages of the cell cycle such as:
  • Membrane association is regulated during mitosis.
  • During cycles of membrane capture and release for inward secretory and Golgi movements.
• Golgi positioning is maintained after inward movement by Golgi-nucleated microtubules.
• Golgi positioning may be a consequence of a rearranged centrosome-meditated microtubule array.
• Centrosome-meditated microtubule array orient their Golgi to perform directed secretion toward sites of rapid or specialized growth.

Important Points 

STEP-1:

• Newly synthesized proteins and lipids of the secretory pathway are packaged into membrane carriers that bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• These membranes fuse with each other and/or preexisting ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membranes (ERGIC).
• ERGIC is transported along microtubules toward the centrosome by the dynein motor protein complex.

STEP-2:

​Two models are suggested in this step:

1. By the cisternal progression model, the membranes generate new cis-Golgi cisternae as they near the centrosome. This is due to fusion with recycling vesicles bearing cis-Golgi components including processing enzymes.
2. ​​By the Stable compartments model, the membranes fuse with preexisting cis-Golgi cisternae thereby delivering their content for processing. 

• By either model, the continuous inward movement of membrane carriers will contribute to the steady state localization of Golgi membranes near the centrosome.
• This is principal because the membranes bear active dynein at the time of their delivery. 
• Dynein is likely recruited directly from the cytoplasm onto Golgi membranes.
• Dynein further contributes to Golgi pericentrosomal positioning.

The correct answer is Srirangapatnam.

• Tipu Sultan built this palace in 1784 and ruled Mysore from Srirangapatnam.

Key Points

• Tipu Sultan:
  • In the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, a combined force of British East India Company troops, supported by the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while defending his stronghold of Seringapatam.
  • Tipu Sultan also known as the Tiger of Mysore was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, Karnataka.
  • He introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and Mauludi Lunisolar calendar and a new land revenue system.
  • He initiated the growth of the Mysore silk industry.
  • He was also a patron of science and technology and is credited as the ‘pioneer of rocket technology in India'. He expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin.
  • He deployed the rockets against the advances of British forces and their allies during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, including the Battle of Pollilur and the Siege of Srirangapatna.
  • He won important victories against the British in the Second Anglo-Mysore War. He negotiated the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore with them after his father Hyder Ali died from cancer in December 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
  • In the Third Anglo-Mysore War, he was forced into the Treaty of Seringapatam, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and Mangalore.
  • He sent emissaries to foreign states, including the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan, and France, in an attempt to rally opposition to the British.
  • Tipu was a great lover of democracy and a great diplomat who gave his support to the French soldiers at Seringapatam in setting up a Jacobin Club in 1797. Tipu himself became a member of the Jacobin Club and allowed himself to be called Citizen Tipu.
  • He planted the Tree of Liberty at Seringapatam.

Additional Information

• Important treaties with the British:
  • Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799).
    • 1767-69: Treaty of Madras
    • 1780-84: Treaty of Mangalore
    • 1790-92: Treaty of Seringapatam
    • 1799: Subsidiary Alliance

The correct answer is the Western Ghats.

Key Points

• There are 4 biodiversity hotspots: the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region, and the Sundaland.
• These hotspots have numerous endemic species.
• The Western Ghats are present along the western edge of peninsular India and cover most of the deciduous forests and rain forests.
  • This region consists of 6000 plant species of which 3000 are endemic.
  • The vegetation in this region was spread over 190,000 km2 but has been now reduced to 43,000 km2.
  • The region is also known for 450 species of birds, 140 mammals, 260 reptiles, and 175 amphibians.

Additional Information

• The Sundaland hotspot is located in South-East India (south of West Bengal, Bangladesh).
  • In the year 2013, the Sundaland was declared as a World Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations.
  • This region is famous for its rich terrestrial and marine ecosystem.
  • It is one of the biologically richest hotspots in the world which comprises 25,000 species of vascular plants, of which 15,000 are found only in this region.
• The Himalayas comprises North-East India, Bhutan, Central and Eastern parts of Nepal.
  • This region holds a record of having 163 endangered species which includes the Wild Asian Water Buffalo, One-horned Rhino, and as many as 10,000 plant species, of which 3160 are endemic.
  • This mountain range covers nearly 750,000 km2.
• The Indo-Burma Region is stretched over a distance of 2,373,000 km², this region spans over the North-eastern states, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and the southern part of China.
  • In the last 12 years, 6 large mammal species have been discovered in this region: the Large-antlered Muntjac, the Annamite Muntjac, the Grey-shanked Douc, the Annamite Striped Rabbit, the Leaf Deer, and the Saola.
• Endangered Animal Species in India: The Royal Bengal Tiger, The Great Asiatic Lion, The Snow Leopard, The Pig Nosed Frog, The Pink Headed Duck.

The correct answer is Legislature.

Key Points

• Legislature:-
  • In Indian Polity, there are two legislatures Union Legislature and State Legislature.
  • The Union Legislature comprises the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
  • Rajya Sabha:-
    • The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, not subject to dissolution.
    • 1/3rd of its members (as nearly as possible) retire on the expiration of every second year, in accordance with provisions made by the Parliament.
    • Article 80 of the Constitution lays down the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha as 250, out of which 12 members are nominated by the President and 238 are representatives of the States and of the three Union Territories.
    • The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for the allocation of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha.
    • The Chairman of Rajya Sabha is the Vice-President of India.
  • Lok Sabha:-
    • Leader of the House is the Prime Minister.
    • The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is fixed at 550 by the Constitution.
    • 530 members are representatives of states and UTs are to be represented by a maximum of 20 members.
    • The Speaker of Lok Sabha presides over the sessions and in absence of the Speaker, Deputy Speaker presides except when a resolution for own removal is under consideration.
    • It is non continuing as it dissolve in every five years.
    • President dissolves Lok Sabha and this cannot be challenged in a court of law.
• The Executive is subordinate to the legislature.

Additional Information

•  Judiciary:-
  • The Constitution of India provides for a single integrated judicial system.
  • The structure of the judiciary in India is pyramidal with the Supreme Court at the top, High Courts below them and district and subordinate courts at
    the lowest level.
• Election Commission:-
  • The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering Union and State election processes in India.
  • The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Legislative Assemblies in India, and the offices of the President and Vice President in the country. 
  • Article 324 provided for the appointment of an Election Commission to superintend, direct and control the elections.
• Union Public Service Commission:-
  • Article 320, talks about the UPSC to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively.

The correct answer is Species.

Key Points

• ​The species is the smallest taxon and the fundamental unit of taxonomy.
• In biology, a species is a taxonomic rank, the basic unit of classification, and the unit of biodiversity.
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species are the seven basic taxonomic ranks.

Additional Information

• Order:
  • It is classified between family and class.
• Genus:
  • A taxonomic rank called genus is used to categorize viruses, as well as living and extinct creatures, in terms of biology.
• Family:
  • It is classified between order and genus.
  • Subfamilies, which are intermediary ranks between the ranks of family and genus, can be used to divide a family into subfamilies.

The correct answer is Mumbai.

In News

• Union Ministry of Culture is going to organise Rashtriya Sanskriti Mahotsav-2023 at Azad Maidan in Mumbai, from 11th to 19th February 2023.

Key Points

• The Mahotsav aims to promote National Unity and integrity through cultural exchange.
• More than 350 folk and tribal artists from all over India along with local folk artists, and transgender and differently-abled artists will be participating in the event.
• The daily choreographic presentation of the folk artists is being choreographed by renowned choreographer Prashanna Gogoi.
• The classical performances will include Rhythms of Manipur and performances by Tejaswini Sathe, Lipokmar Zudir from Nagaland, Kalakshetra Sheejith Krishna, Ganesh Chandan Shive, Anand Bhate, Nritya Guru Shama Bhate and Maitreyee Pahari.
• A painting exhibition is also being organized by the artists from J. J. School of Arts.