The correct answer is Goitre.

Key Points

• A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck.
• The most common cause worldwide is iodine deficiency.
• The thyroid uses iodine, a mineral found in some foods and in iodized salt, to make thyroid hormones.
• When your body doesn't get enough iodine, the thyroid works harder to make these hormones, and this extra work can cause the gland to enlarge.

Additional Information

• Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: This is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks the thyroid, leading to inflammation and interfering with its ability to produce thyroid hormones.
  • Over time, it often leads to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). While it can lead to an enlarged thyroid, it's not specifically related to iodine deficiency.
• Cretinism: This is a very rare condition caused by severe, untreated congenital hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels at birth).
  • It results in stunted physical and mental growth. While iodine deficiency in a pregnant woman can lead to cretinism in her baby, this condition isn't a manifestation of iodine deficiency in adults.
• Graves' Disease: This is an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), not an enlarged thyroid due to iodine deficiency.
  • In Graves' disease, the immune system creates antibodies that cause the thyroid to grow and make more thyroid hormone than the body needs.

The correct answer is IIM Kozhikode

Key Points

• IIM Kozhikode has developed a device called ‘Veli Band'.
• Band is a wearable hand band developed with the aim to maintain social distancing during this pandemic situation of COVID-19.
• It sends out a warning via an alarm system to maintain distance among people if the social distancing norms are not followed.
• It is developed by Qual India Pvt Ltd, which is a startup funded by IIM Kozhikode.
• Veli Band helps to maintain social distancing and location/contact tracing.
• It notifies via vibrations, sounds, buzzer and LED flashing if another band is within 3 feet of distance.
• It is incorporated with a rechargeable battery, and Bluetooth technology for detection purposes.

The correct answer is Chlorine.

Key Points

• Chlorine
  • Chlorine elements can be used to treat/purify water.
  • Chlorination is one of many methods that can be used to disinfect water.
  • It is a chemical disinfection method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances for the oxidation and disinfection of what will be the potable water source.
  • Chlorine inactivates a microorganism by damaging its cell membrane. Once the cell membrane is weakened, chlorine can enter the cell and disrupt cell respiration and DNA activity.

Additional Information

• Ethanol:
  • It is also known as ethyl alcohol.
  • It is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid that is soluble in water. 
  • It is most commonly found in alcoholic beverages.
  • It is also used as an antiseptic and as a disinfectant.
  • Its molecular formula is C2H5OH.

• Phosphorus
  • ​Phosphorus is kept in water so that it avoids catching fire through contact from atmospheric oxygen.
  • Phosphorus is the element that literally means "I carry light".
  • Phosphorus is a chemical element with an atomic number of 15.
  • It was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1669.
  • Phosphorus has the smell of garlic.
  • Phosphorus is never found as a free element on earth due to its high reactivity.​​
• Teflon
  • It is a brand name for a synthetic chemical called polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
  • It was first made in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett to create a non-reactive, nonstick surface.
  • It’s known for its use in cookware, although it can also be used to coat other materials like wires or fabrics to make them waterproof. 
  • It is a suspected carcinogen, hormone disruptor, and reproductive toxin.

The correct answer is Ramakrishna Paramahansa.

Key Points 

• Swami Vivekananda
  • He was influenced by Ramakrishna Paramhamsa who became his Guru.
  • He became a monk and traveled all over India and the West.
  • He established many Mathas in India the most important being the Belur Math in Belur, Howrah district.
  • He founded the Ramakrishna Mission in May 1897.
  • He is best known in the United States for his groundbreaking speech to the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions in which he introduced Hinduism to America and called for religious tolerance and an end to fanaticism.
  • Narendranath Datta, often known as Swami Vivekananda, was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, and writer.

Additional Information

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
  •  In 1905, Gopal Krishna Gokhale founded 'Servants of India Society'. 
  • The Servants of India Society was formed in Pune on June 12, 1905, for the expansion of Indian education.
  • Servants of India Society's aim was to unite and train Indians of different ethnicities and religions in welfare work.
  • It was the first secular organization in that country to devote itself to the underprivileged, rural and tribal people, and other social causes.
  • Members go through a five-year training period and agree to serve on extremely modest salaries.

• Acharya Narendra Dev
  • Acharya Narendra Dev, who was born on October 31, 1889, in a lawyer’s family in Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Acharya Narendra Dev was the person who remained a member of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) from 1916 to 1948 and who was one of the foremost socialist leaders, Buddhist scholars, and educationists of the country. 
  • Narendra Dev spent his formative years in Faizabad, the twin town of Ayodhya, and attended the Lucknow session of the Congress with his father in 1899 when he was only ten years old.

The correct answer is Karnam Malleswari

Key Points

• Karnam Malleswari is a former woman weightlifter from India.
• She was born on June 1, 1975, and belongs to Andhra Pradesh.
• Her first achievement was at Weightlifting Nationals (senior) held at Ambala in 1991, where she won a silver medal.
• At Sydney Olympics, in 2000 she won a bronze medal in weightlifting in the 69kg category.
• She clinched a gold at the 1994 Asian Games held in Hiroshima.
• She also fetched gold medals at the 1994 and 1995 World Championships.
• She has been honoured with Arjuna Award (1994), Rajiv Khel Ratna Award  (1999) and Padma Shri (1999).
• She is also known as the 'Iron Lady of Andhra Pradesh'.

Additional Information

Mary Kom:

• Mary Kom is an Indian boxer belonging to the state of Manipur.
• She has won the World Championship and Asian Championships six and five times respectively.
• She won bronze at London Olympics (2012), gold at the 2014 Asian Games and the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
• She is currently a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha.
• She has been awarded the Padma Award, Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

Saina Nehwal

• Saina Nehwal is an Indian professional badminton player. 
• She is the only female player from India who attained the World No. 1 ranking in badminton.
• She participated in the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympics games.
• Honoured with Arjuna Award in 2009.
• Honoured with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna in 2010.
• Autobiography: Playing to Win: My Life On and Off Court.

P T Usha

• At the 1984 Summer Olympics which was held in Los Angeles, U.S., P.T. Usha lost the bronze medal at the 400-metre hurdle race by only 0.01 seconds.
• Pilavullakandi Thekkeparambil Usha is one of the best Indian female athletes and she has won about 102 international and national medals throughout her career.
• Her achievements include 13 Gold medals in the Asian Championships.

The correct answer is Pune.

Key Points

• Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering (IRICEN) is the primary training institute for Civil Engineers of Indian Railways.
• It is dedicated to the training and upskilling of officers and staff belonging to the Civil Engineering Department of the Indian Railways.
• IRICEN is located in Pune, Maharashtra, India.
• IRICEN not only provides training for the freshly recruited officers but also conducts various courses for in-service engineers to enhance their knowledge and skills in railway-specific civil engineering topics.
• Over the years, the institute has played a pivotal role in ensuring that the Civil Engineering Department of the Indian Railways has a workforce that is technically competent and updated with the latest techniques and technologies.

The correct answer is Amartya Sen.

Key Points

• Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic in 1998 "for his work on welfare economics".
  • He is an Indian economist and philosopher who has made significant contributions to the study of poverty, famines, and social choice theory.
• C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect".
  • He was an Indian physicist who made significant contributions to the study of light and matter.
• Kailash Satyarthi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 "for his work to end the use of child labor".
  • He is an Indian children's rights activist who has founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan, a non-governmental organization that works to rescue and rehabilitate child laborers.
• Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 "for his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West".
• He was an Indian poet, playwright, and novelist who is considered one of the greatest writers of the 20th century.

Additional Information

• The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the prestigious awards established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, engineer, and philanthropist. It is awarded annually to individuals, organizations, or movements that have made significant contributions to promoting peace and resolving conflicts.
• Here are some key points about the Nobel Peace Prize:
  • Categories: The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in various categories, including diplomacy, disarmament, human rights, peace negotiations, and humanitarian work.
  • Selection Process: The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by different committees and organizations depending on the category. The Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Nobel Institute is responsible for selecting the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
  • Criteria: The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to individuals or organizations that have made exceptional efforts to promote peace and alleviate conflicts. The prize aims to recognize achievements in various areas, such as negotiations, diplomacy, humanitarian work, disarmament, and human rights advocacy.
  • Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony: The Nobel Peace Prize is traditionally presented on December 10th each year in Oslo, Norway, on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. The ceremony includes the laureate's acceptance speech and the awarding of the Nobel diploma and medal.
  • Significance: The Nobel Peace Prize holds great significance worldwide. It highlights the work of the laureates and raises awareness about peace-related issues, inspiring others to contribute to the pursuit of peace and conflict resolution.

The correct answer is The Speaker.

Key Points

• The Speaker  ​
  • The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha
  • The speaker is elected generally in the first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections.
  • The speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by all Members of the Lok Sabha.
  • First meeting of the Lok Sabha is presided over by Pro Tem Speaker.
  • He will be presiding officer of Lok Sabha till the time, the elected speaker of Lok Sabha takes his seat.
  • Lok sabha speaker has the power to choose whether bill is a money bill or not. His decision is final and cannot be questioned in court.

Additional Information

• Lok Sabha
  • Lok Sabha is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament.
  • The Hindi name of Lok Sabha was adopted by the house of the people on 14th May 1954.
  • The full term of a Lok Sabha is 5 years.
  • Fifth Lok Sabha from 1971 to 1977(5 years 10 months and 6 days) is the longest Lok Sabha in India.
  • Twelfth Lok Sabha from 1998 to 1999(1 year 1 month and 4 days) is the shortest Lok Sabha in India.
  • Lok Sabha is constituted under article 81 of the constitution.
  • G. V Mavlankar is the father of Lok Sabha.
  • The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552.
  • Money bill can introduce only in Lok Sabha and not in Rajya Sabha.
  • A resolution to discontinue a national emergency can be passed on by the Lok Sabha.
  • Uttar Pradesh has the maximum membership in Lok Sabha.

The correct answer is Proteins

Key Points

• Antibodies are also known as Immunoglobulins (Ig).
• Antibodies are the protective proteins produced by our immune system to protect the body from a foreign substance called an antigen.
• These are glycoproteins formed by the plasma cells, in response to antigenic stimulation.
• The antibodies clump together with the antigens, forming antibody -antigen complex, which are taken up the scavenger white blood cell and destroyed off.
• Different types of antibodies produced by our body - IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG.

Important Points

• The shape of the antibody is "Y".
• The stalk of the antibody is known as theCrystallizable fragment (Fc)
  •  It consists of the site where the antibody molecule binds to a cell.
• The top of the antibody contains twoantigen-binding fragments (Fab)
  •  It consists of sites that bind with antigens
• The antibody is made up of four peptide chains.
  • ​two small chains called lightchains.
  • two larger chains called the heavychains.
• ​Therefore antibodies can be represented asH₂​​L₂​.
• The light and heavy chains can be divided into ​​​Constant region (C) and Variable region (v).​​​

Additional Information

• IgG is the most abundantly occurring antibody in humans.
• IgG is called maternal antibody as it can pass through the placenta and provides immunity to the fetus.
• IgM is the most significant antibody. It occurs in pentameric form.
• IgA is termed a secretory antibody as it is present in breast milk, tears, and saliva.
• IgEis the antibody that is produced duringallergic reactions.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• The Acworth Committee was a British committee that was set up in 1920 to investigate the financial management of the Indian Railways. The committee's main recommendations were:
  • Consolidation and nationalization of the Indian Railways: The committee recommended that the Indian Railways should be consolidated into a single, unified system, and that it should be nationalized, i.e., owned and operated by the government.
  • Separation of the railway budget from the general budget: The committee recommended that the railway budget should be separated from the general budget, so that the railways could have more autonomy in financial matters.
  • Investment in new technology: The committee recommended that the railways should be encouraged to invest in new technology, in order to improve efficiency and safety.
• The Acworth Committee's recommendations were implemented in 1924, and they had a significant impact on the development of the Indian Railways.
• The consolidation and nationalization of the railways led to improved efficiency and coordination, and the separation of the railway budget from the general budget gave the railways more autonomy in financial matters.
• The investment in new technology also helped to improve the railways, and made them safer and more efficient.