The correct answer is modern societies.

Key Points

• Features of modern societies are as follows-
  • Individual subjectivity,
  • Scientific explanation and
  • Rationalization,
  • A reduction in religious worldviews,
  • The creation of bureaucracy, increasing urbanization,
  • With the advent of nation-states, 
  • Increased financial interchange.
  • Complex divisions of labor. Hence the correct answer is option 1).
• There is no universal agreement on when modernity began.
• Western European histories indicate that the modern age began at the conclusion of colonial conquest and worldwide expansion in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
• In general, the time following the advent of modern warfare, marked by two world wars and followed by postmodernism, exemplified modernity.

The correct answer is sovereignty.

Key Points

• Within an individual mind, societal construct, or territory, sovereignty is the defining authority.
• Sovereignty implies both internal state hierarchy and external state autonomy.
• In any state, sovereignty is attributed to the person, body, or institution with ultimate authority over other individuals in order to make or amend laws.
• In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme legitimate authority over some polity. Hence option 1) is correct.
• In international law, sovereignty refers to a state's exercise of power.
• The legal authority to do so is known as de jure sovereignty, whereas the real ability to do so is known as de facto sovereignty.
• When the typical expectation that de jure and de facto sovereignty exist at the location and time of concern, and reside inside the same organization, this might become a major worry.

The correct answer is the needs of society.

Key Points

• In the social sciences, functionalism is a theory founded on the idea that all components of a society—institutions, roles, norms, and so on—serve a purpose and are necessary for the society's long-term existence.
• The method was popularised by 19th-century sociologists, especially those who viewed communities as organisms.
• Émile Durkheim, a French sociologist, felt that understanding the "needs" of the social organism to which social events corresponded was essential.
• Other authors have defined function as the interrelationships of pieces within a system, the adaptive feature of a phenomenon, or the observable consequences of a phenomenon.
• In sociology, functionalism presented an alternative to evolutionary theory and trait-diffusion analysis; in anthropology, it supplied an alternative to trait-diffusion analysis.
• Functionalism also postulates that all cultural or social phenomena have a positive function and that all are indispensable.
• In an attempt to develop a more dynamic analysis of social systems.
• The American sociologist Talcott Parsons introduced a structural-functional approach that employs the concept of function as a link between relatively stable structural categories.

The correct answer is family of procreation.

Key Points

• The term "family of procreation" refers to a family unit formed by two or more individuals. Hence option 1) is correct.
• The term is contrasted with "family of origin," which refers to the families from whom people come.
• The procreative family will develop its own set of values and dynamics.
• Multigenerational elements contributing to stress and resilience will filter down to this family form when the family of procreation is narrowed down to the shape of a nuclear family.
• Socioeconomic characteristics like poverty, as well as cultural and ethnic values, can move from generation to generation, becoming more or less pronounced within the reproductive family.
• The intergenerational continuity of a family system can help provide the shelter that an individual or newly formed couple may need and experience as they begin to build their own family of procreation.

The correct answer is agricultural production.

Key Points

• A society is a group of people who live in a defined community and share cultural characteristics.
• Society, on a larger scale, is made up of the people and institutions that surround us, as well as our common beliefs and cultural ideals.
• Many societies, on average, share a political authority.
• Before the Industrial Revolution and the widespread use of machines, societies were small, rural and dependent largely on local resources.
• Economic production was limited to the amount of labor a human being could provide, and there were few specialized occupations.
• The very first occupation was that of farmers and hunter-gatherers. Hence option 2) is correct.
• Pastoral societies, such as the Maasai villagers, rely on the domestication of animals as a resource for survival.
• Unlike earlier hunter-gatherers who depended entirely on existing resources to stay alive, pastoral groups were able to breed livestock for food, clothing, and transportation, and they created a surplus of goods. 

The correct answer is Patriarchy.

Key Points

• Patriarchy is an institutionalized social system in which men dominate over others, but can also refer to dominance over women specifically.
• It can also extend to a variety of manifestations in which men have social privileges over others to cause exploitation or oppression, such as through male dominance of moral authority and control of the property.
• Patriarchal societies can be patrilineal or matrilineal, which means that property and title are passed down through the male or female bloodline.
• Patriarchy is connected with a system of views, a patriarchal ideology, that aims to explain and justify male domination by blaming it on natural gender differences.
• Sociologists disagree over whether patriarchy is a social product or the result of inherent gender disparities.
• According to sociobiologists, the roots of inequality may be traced back to the dawn of humanity and are primarily attributable to genetic and reproductive inequalities between men and women.
• Gender disparity is an intrinsic element of human social systems, according to this idea, which is strongly aligned with evolutionary psychology.

The correct answer is sacred.

Key Points

• Religion is usually defined as a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations.
• That generally relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements.
• However, there is no scholarly consensus on what exactly constitutes a religion.
• However, there is no scholarly consensus on what exactly constitutes a religion.
• Various components like as the divine, sacred items, faith, a supernatural entity or supernatural entities, or "some type of ultimacy and transcendence that will supply rules and power for the rest of existence" may or may not be found in different religions. Hence option 3) is correct.
• Rituals, sermons, commemoration or adoration (of deities and/or saints), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, burial ceremonies, marriage services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service, or other parts of human culture are all examples of religious practices.

The correct answer is female foeticide.

Key Points

• The reason for the sudden decline in sex ratio are as follows-
  • ​Female Foeticide: Amartya Sen refers to the rapid spread and usage of ultrasonography as well as amniocentesis for sex determination as "high-tech sexism" in female foetus-induced abortions.
  • Female Infanticide: In India there is still preference for male child and in some areas of the country the female infanticide is still common. 
  • Education – Due to illiteracy, people are unaware about the power and role of women in today's era. 
  • Poverty – Poverty is one of the factors which is responsible for the declining sex ratio. 
  • Social status of women – In most parts of India, women are merely considered as an object. People are worried about the dowry issue with the birth of a girl child.
  • Lack of empowerment of women - There is a lack of empowerment of women especially in the rural areas.
  • Male dominance - The patriarchal system is prevalent throughout India. Males are regarded the sole breadwinners.
  • Infant and Maternal Mortality - The number of babies that die before reaching the age of one is known as the infant mortality rate.

The correct answer is Supernatural.

Key Points

• Sacred, the power, being, or realm understood by religious persons to be at the core of existence and to have a transformative effect on their lives and destinies.
• Other terms, such as holy, divine, transcendent, ultimate being (or ultimate reality), mystery, and perfection (or purity) have been used for this domain.
• Scholars attempting to analyze the materials offered by anthropology and the history of religions have employed the term sacred from a range of angles and given it various descriptive and evaluative connotations.
• However, common characteristics of the sacred, as understood by individual participants and groups, were identified such as related to supernatural.
• It is distinct from the common (profane) world; it expresses the ultimate total value and meaning of life; and it is the eternal reality.
• Which is recognized to have existed before it was known and to be known in a manner distinct from that by which common things are known.

The correct answer is the distribution of power.

Key Points

• The core content of organizational planning is the distribution of authority and responsibility.
• However, there are issues in managerial practices due to a lack of theoretical structure.
• In order to reduce agency expenses, Huang (2003) claimed that line authority should be assigned in accordance with responsibilities and personal capabilities, and should be related to the position holder's own interests.
• Line authority may be distributed differently based on the size of the company, management level, financial abundance, corporate culture, and personal skill.
• The concept of power politics provides a way of understanding systems of international relations: in this view, states compete for the world's limited resources, and it is to an individual state's advantage to be manifestly able to harm others.
• Power politics prioritizes national self-interest over the interests of other nations or the international community and thus may include threatening one another with military, economic or political aggression to protect one nation's own interest