The Junagarh Rock inscription of Rudradaman is considered an early example of chaste Sanskrit, written in the mid-second century AD. It is located on a rock near Girnar hill, in Junagadh, Gujarat. 

• The inscription is significant as a historical record of public works in ancient India, nearly 500 years before the inscription was created.
• It mentions the construction of a water reservoir named Sudarshana nearby, during the reign of the Maurya Empire founder Chandragupta Maurya by Vaishya Pushyagupta.
• It's mentioned in the inscription that Chandragupta is the lord of the whole of eastern and western Akaravanti (Akara: East Malwa and Avanti: West Malwa), the Anupa country, Anarta, Surashtra, Svabhra (northern Gujarat) Maru (Marwar), Kachchha (Cutch), Sindhu-Sauvira (Sindh and Multan districts), Kukura (Eastern Rajputana), Aparanta ("Western Border" - Northern Konkan), Nishada (an aboriginal tribe, Malwa and parts of Central India) and other territories gained by his own valour.

Thus, we can conclude that Gujarat was included in the kingdom of Chandragupta Maurya is proved by Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman.

Indo-Greek Coins

• Striving for realism in sculptural modelling, movement and expression became the major force motivating Hellenistic art. 
• Alexander was the first emperor to put his portrait on his coins and the practise was inherited by his successors in India. 
• Extraordinary realism of their portraiture and the praxitelean character of the full length images of deities on the reverse were the prime attributes of their coin.
• Though it is not clear whether Alexander himself has issued any coins in his name during his sojourn in India.  But it is fact that his coins are a great rarity in India and it seems that his coins have come from Bactria.
• The gold and silver coins with fabulous portraits, which circulated in Bactria were never current in India as they fall under Greek coinage category. 
• he coins with the portrait head and bilingual fall under Indian coinage. 
• The selucid king Antiochus I (293-280 BC) is shown on his coins with all the paths of humanity, the divine power is clearly reflected in Selucus's coins. 
• Demeterios - I was the first ruler to strike square copper coins in bilingual format, Kharoshti on the reverse and Greek on the obverse. Silver coins underwent radical change upon the movement of government to south of Hindu Kush, and the coins were called Didrachm and Hemidrachms.  
• The portraits of early Indo Greek rulers such as Euthydemos-I, Demetrios-I (wearing elephant's scalp) and Antimachus (wearing Kausia - a flat shaped cap and with a smily face) are so realistic in appearance that the coin portrait seems to represent the ruler faithfully. 
• Indo-Greeks were excellent coin smiths and the fabric far exceeded than the true Greek coins.  Indo-Greeks did not like abstract shapes and so they modified Greek Gods to look like an Indian. 
• Upon the arrivals of Greeks, the sculptural techniques had their influence.  Indo-Greek remained very Greek which could be witnessed by the bilingual legends they carried on their coins.   

Pre Guptan and Guptan Coins:

• Gupta kings issued the most number of Gold coins.
• The Satavahanas issued coins of lead and potin (base silver).
• Satavahanas’ copper coins with the Ujjain symbol bearing a ship were abundant in Avanti.
• The gold coins of the Guptas (Dinara) originally approximated to the Kushana standard, but in the middle of the 5th century rose in weight to 144 grains, thus returning to the Indian standard of the copper Karsapana.

Kushanas Coins:

• Kushanas issued mostly gold coins and numerous copper coins which have been found in most parts of North India up to Bihar.

The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization in South Asia. The Harappan civilization flourished during 2600 – 1900 BCE. It forms a part of proto-history belonging to the bronze age. 

It is classified into three phases

1. The early pre-Harappan in phase (3200 2600 BC)
2. The mature Harappan phase (2600-1900 BC)  
3. The late Harappan phase (1900-1300 BC) 

Kalibangan:

• Kalibangan is an archaeological site at Ganganagar in Rajasthan near the Ghaggar river. 
• Plough field, fire altars, bones of camel, burial in the circular and rectangular grave is found here. 
• Remains of Camel were discovered in Kalibangan archaeological site.
• Camel bones found in Kalibangan belonged to 2000 B.C.

Additional Information

• Bones of horse and graveyard is found at Surkotda in Gujarat.
• Surkotada was excavated by Shri Jagat Pati Joshi in 1964 - 1968.
• The presence of Horse Bone was found in Surkotada.

​

Harappan Civilization map

The correct answer is Officers were responsible to report the affairs of the people.

Key Points

• During the rule of Ashoka, arrangements were made for disposing of affairs of the people and to receive regular reports about them.
• Pativedakas were appointed to report about the affairs of the people at all times to the Ashoka. Hence, Option 4 is correct.
• Epigraphists have translated the term Pativedaka as a reporter.
• The persons appointed by king Ashoka to report to him the general and public affairs, leading the king to take necessary steps, were called the Pativedakas.
• Pativedakas were the secret emissaries who enquired into and oversaw all that went into the empire. 
• The Panyadhakshas was the controller of commerce, who looked into the matters related to the control of supply, purchase, and sale of products.
• The Rajukas were the key officers who were entrusted with works like executing welfare projects, administrative reforms, and judicial functions.
• The Amatyas had the task of performing judicial and administrative functions and monitoring the affairs of the state.
• The Ashoka was the most successful ruler of the Mauryan dynasty who reigned from c. 268 – c. 232 BCE.

The correct answer is ​Pillars.

Key Points

• The pillars established by Ashoka in the Mauryan period are considered the best paradigm.
• Ashok had established many columns during his reign from 268 BC to 232 BC.
• A variety of artefacts were depicted above the pillars.
• One of these pillars is the Singh pillar of Sarnath, which is the official symbol of India.
• The Indian Constituent Assembly accepted it on January 26, 1950.

Additional Information

• Ashoka’s 7 pillar edicts:
  • These were found at Topra (Delhi), Meerut, Kausambhi, Rampurva, Champaran, Mehrauli.
  • Pillar Edict I: Asoka’s principle of protection to people.
  • Pillar Edict II: Defines Dhamma as the minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion, liberality, truthfulness, and purity.
  • Pillar Edict III: Abolishes sins of harshness, cruelty, anger, pride, etc.
  • Pillar Edict IV: Deals with duties of Rajukas.
  • Pillar Edict V: List of animals and birds which should not be killed on some days and another list of animals which have not to be killed at all.
  • Pillar Edict VI: Dhamma policy
  • Pillar Edict VII: Works done by Asoka for Dhamma policy. 

Lothal- It is situated on the Bhogava in Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. The most striking feature is the discovery of an ancient dockyard. We also find a doubtful terracotta figurine of the horse. At Lothal, each grave shows a pair of skeletons, one male and one female (joint burial).

• The bead industry seems to have been well developed as evident from the factories discovered at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Hence, the option 4 is correct.

​

Key Points

• Bead-making factories or workshops including furnaces have been identified in various sites of Harappan civilization.
• The Lower Town of Lothal incorporated workshops of faience and stone bead manufacturers, coppersmiths, shell cutters, and potters. The Lothal was mostly known for micro-beads in the Indus Valley Civilization. It is most famous for its Dock.
• Several sites such as Harappa, Chanhudaro, and Dholavira reveal the stages involved in the production of these beads. Specialized drills have been found at these sites. 

Additional Information

• Beads were made of cornelian, amethyst, jasper, crystal, quartz, steatite, turquoise, lapis lazuli, etc.
  • Metals like copper, bronze and gold, and shell, faience and terracotta or burnt clay were also used for manufacturing beads.
  • The beads are in varying shapes—disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, and segmented.
  • Some beads were made of two or more stones cemented together, some of stone with gold covers.
• From archaeological finds, it appears that the people of the Indus Valley were conscious of fashion.
  • Different hairstyles were in vogue and growing a beard was popular among all.
  • Cinnabar was used as a cosmetic and facepaint, lipstick and collyrium (eyeliner) were also known to them.

The correct answer is option 1.

Key Points

• The Indo-Greek coins inaugurated a new phase in the history of South Asian coinage.
• These coins carried elaborate details about their issuing authority. Hence option 1 is incorrect.
  • The name, the issuing year of the coin and a portrait of the reigning monarch was die-struck very precisely on the metal pieces.
• Indo- Greeks were the first rulers to issue gold coins in India. Hence option 3 is correct.
• Coins of the Indo-Greeks were made of gold, silver, copper and nickel. Hence option 4 is correct.
• The coins feature portraits of the Ruler on the obverse and Greek deities on the reverse side.
  • Motifs on the reverse side also carried Indian religious symbols.
• Each coin was made by following the attic weight standard method. Hence option 2 is correct.
  • Rulers like Menander issued coins in both the attic weight standard as well as the Indian weight standard.
• Circular and Square were one of their common shapes.
• They had bilingual inscriptions in Kharoshthi and Greek.
  • Very few have been found with Brahmi inscriptions.

• Satavahanas became prominent in the Indian political scene sometime in the middle of the first century BC.
• Simuka was the founder of the Satavahana dynasty.
• Gautamiputra Satakarni (first century AD) is considered to be the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.
• The Satavahanas had their capital at Pratishthana (modern Paithan) near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
• They were also known as the Andhras.
• The Puranas and inscriptions remain important sources for the history of Satavahanas. Among the inscriptions, the Nasik and Nanaghad inscriptions throw much light on the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni.
• The Satavahana kingdom was wiped out in the first quarter of the third century AD and the Satavahanas kings were succeeded by the Kings of lkshvaku dynasty.

The correct answer is Vishnu.

Key Points

• The Alvars were Tamil poet-saints of South India.
• They espoused devotion to the Hindu god Vishnu in their songs of longing, ecstasy and service.
• Alvar means the one who is immersed in the experience of God.
• There are 12 Alvars known through tradition.
• They came from all walks of life and all strata of society.

 Thus, we can say that Alvars are saints who are devoted to lord VIshnu.

Additional Information

• The devotees of Shiva were known as Nayanars.

The correct answer is (A) - (3), (B) - (4), (C) - (1), (D) - (2).

Key Points

• Gandhara art is a style of Buddhist visual art that developed somewhere in northwest Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan between the 1st century and 7th century BC.
  • It flourished during Kushan Dynasty and was contemporaneous with Kushan Art in Mathura. Although, both are not similar.
  •  As Gandhara rulers maintained contact with Rome, the Gandhara school incorporated many motifs and techniques from classical Roman art, including vine scrolls, cherubs bearing garlands, tritons, and centaurs.
• Junagarh rock inscription of Rudraman I is in the Sanskrit language. It mentioned that one of Chandragupta Maurya's governors, Pushyagupta, built the dam of Sudarshana Lake near Girnar.
  • It was discovered by Colonel James Todd in 1822.
  • It is one of Ashoka's important edict.
• Milind Panho is a Buddhist text where dialogues between Buddhist sage Nagasena and Greek King Meander I have been recorded. It is written in the Pali language.
• Taxila Inscription is also known as "Aramaic Inscription of Taxila" is an inscription on a marble piece.
  • It was discovered by Sir John Marshal in 1915.
  • It dates back to 260 BC, and is probably written by Ashoka.
  • It is often categorized in minor rock edicts of Ashoka.

The correct answer is Bhakti saints were orthodox and strictly followed and promoted the caste system.

• The most important social impact of the Bhakti movement was that the followers of the Bhakti movement rejected the caste system.
• A spirit of harmony among different sections of society and religion received impetus.

Key Points

• Bhakti Movement:
  • The Bhakti Movement originated in the seventh-century in Tamil, South India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards.
  • It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards reached its peak between the 15th and 17th century CE.
  • The saints looked upon religion not as cold formal worship but as a loving bond based upon love between the worshipped and worshipper.
  • A more effective method for spreading the Bhakti ideology was the use of local languages.
• Features of Bhakti Movement:
  • ​That God is one single entity, with different names
  • Bhakti, intense love and devotion, the sole thanks to salvation
  • Self-Surrender
  • Condemnation of rituals, ceremonies and blind faith
  • Rejection of idol worship by many saints
  • Open- mindedness about deciding religious matters
  • No distinction of different castes, higher or low
  • Preaching through local or regional languages and travelling from place to place for spreading the religious message

Additional Information

The correct answer is It means caste system in Vedas.

Important Points

• The first mention of the Varna Vyavastha was found in Purusha Suktam verse of the ancient Sanskrit Rig Veda. 
• Purusha is believed to be the first being constituted by a combination of the four Varnas.
• In Rigveda (one of the four Vedas), the word Varna means “colour, outward appearance, exterior, form, figure or shape”.
• The term Varna Vyavastha is used to describe the social class divisions made in the Vedic period in the Brahminical books like the Manusmriti.

• According to Bhagvad Gita, a person will be referred with the Varna (caste) based on his Karma (activities or deeds or duties) and Guna (attributes or qualities) and not by his birth.

Hence, Varna Vyavastha means caste system in Vedas is not a suitable statement.

The correct answer is Vellalar.

Key Points 

• In the Sangam age, ordinary Ploughmen were known as Uzhavar,
• The large landowners were known as Vellalar, and landless laborers, including slaves, were known as kadaisiyar and adimai.
• A Ploughmen is a man whose job is to Plough the land, especially with a Plough pulled by horses or oxen.
• Those who were self-employed farmers were known as Grihapatis and worked on lands of others as Dasas and Karamkara. 
• As Uzhavar was the food grain maker, they lived with reverence for themselves.
• Agriculture was primitive during the early stages in Sangam but eventually increased drainage, ploughing, manuring, storage, and distribution.
• The ancient Tamils were aware of the various types of soil, the crops which could be cultivated thereon, and the different irrigation schemes appropriate for a certain area.
• The King had not possessed much land, for the lands that he had granted the poets, brahmins, schools, hospitals, and temples were not the sole landlord.
• The farmers were primarily farmers with their own plots.
• They were the soil tillers and they were named - Ulutunbar or Yerinvalnar.
• The major vocation of the Tamils during the Sangam period, 500 BCE - 300 CE. This was seen as a requirement for life and was hence considered to be the most important of all occupations.
• The farmers or Uzhavar were at the top of the social list.

A proper land revenue system was founded by Akbar. However, the system of Akbar was itself based on what Shershah Suri implemented during his short tenure. Thus, the land revenue system of Akbar was neither innovation nor an invention. 

Important Points

Raja Todar Mal, a Khatri Rajput had served his youth under the administration of Sher Shah Suri and had gained priceless experience in the management of land and revenues.

• He assisted Akbar’s chancellor of exchequer Muzafar Khan first and then took part in the suppression of Ali Kuli in 1566. 
• Raja Todar Mal was the First Hindu who was sent to lead the Mughal Army. This was particularly because of Akbar’s suspicion that a Muslim may act in collusion with the rebel enemy.
• After that Raja Todar Mal was employed settling the revenue system of Gujarat and then again given the military command to win Bengal.
• He became the finance officer (Mushrif-i-Diwan) of Akbar in 1575 and Diwan-i-kul (Chief Finance Minister) in 1582 and introduced the reforms also known as Todar Mal’s rent roll, the book of land records in the Mughal Empire. 
• Raja Todar Mal is best known for the introduction of the following reforms:
  • Land measurements
  • Dahasala System
  • Karori / Crori System

Key Points

• Abul Fazl was the author of Akbarnama, the official history of Akbar’s reign in 3 volumes.
  • This book gives the history of Akbar’s forefathers from Timur to Humayun and Akbar’s reign till 1602.
  • The third volume of the above work is known as Ain-i-Akbari, which is the administrative report of Akbar’s reign.
• Birbal a poor Hindu Brahmin Maheshdas was appointed to the court of Akbar for his intelligence and became the court jester.
  • The name Raja Birbal was given by the Emperor.
  • Birbal’s duties in Akbar’s court were mostly military and administrative.
  • He was also a poet and his collections under the pen name “Brahma” are preserved in Bharatpur Museum.
  • Raja Birbal died in battle, in an attempt to subdue unrest amongst Afghani tribes in Northwest India
• Man Singh was the prince of Amber was a trusted general in Akbar’s army and was the grandson of Akbar’s father-in-law Bharmal.
  • He was the foremost (7000 Mansabdari) and ablest among Akbar’s military commanders and assisted Akbar on many fronts including holding off advancing Hakim (Akbar’s half-brother) in Lahore.
  • He was also the Mughal viceroy of Afghanistan, led campaigns in Bihar, Orissa, Deccan and was also the viceroy of Bengal.

Additional Informationlead 

• With the help of Raja Todar Mal, Akbar experimented on the land revenue administration, which was completed in 1580.
• The land revenue system was called Zabti or Bandobast system or Dahsala System.
• The revenue was fixed on the average yield of land measured on the basis of the previous ten years.
• The land was divided into four categories
  1. Polaj (cultivated every year)
  2. Parauti (once in two years)
  3. Chachar (once in three or four years)
  4. Banjar (once in five or more years)
• Payment of revenue was made generally in cash. 

The correct answer is Pulikeshin II.

• Aihole in Karnataka was the first capital of Chalukyas where they built numerous temples dating back to the 6th century CE.
• Many inscriptions found at Aihole, but the inscription found at Meguti Temple popularly known as Aihole inscription.

Key Points

• The Aihole inscription was written by the Ravikirti, court poet of Chalukya King, Pulakeshi II who reigned from 610 to 642 CE.
• The inscription is written in Sanskrit and it is in Kannada script.
• There is a mention of the defeat of Harshavardhana by Pulikeshi II.
• There is a mention of the victory of Chalukyas on Pallavas, also mentioned about the shifting of the capital from Aihole to Badami by Pulikeshi. There is mention about the poet Kalidasa.

Option 2 is the correct answer: The word 'Mahayana' is related to Buddhism.

• Mahayana is a sect of Buddhism which refers to 'The Great Vehicle'.
• During the fourth Buddhist council held at Kashmir (in 72 AD) under the king Kanishka, the Buddhism got divided into two sects namely:
  • Mahayana: The greater vehicle
  • Hinayana: The lesser vehicle.
• Mahayana:
  • This sect of Buddhism believed in idol worship and mantras.
  • They believed in the supremacy of Buddha and considered him as a god.
  • According to this sect, one can achieve salvation by worshipping buddha.
  • This sect spread to China, Japan and Southeast Asia.
• Hinayana:
  • Buddha was not given the status of god and idol worship is prohibited under this sect.
  • This sect believed in the attainment of salvation by following the teachings of Buddha.
  • They followed the path of self-discipline and meditation.
  • This ideology spread into Srilanka.

The correct answer is Jahanara.

Key Points

The Imperial Household 

• Jahanara participated in many architectural projects of Shah Jahan’s new capital, Shahjahanabad (Delhi).
• Among these was an imposing double-storeyed caravanserai with a courtyard and garden.
• The bazaar of Chandni Chowk, the throbbing centre of Shahjahanabad, was designed by Jahanara.
• Hence the correct answer is option 2.
• An interesting book giving us a glimpse into the domestic world of the Mughals is the Humayun Nama written by Gulbadan Begum.
• Gulbadan was the daughter of Babur, Humayun’s sister and Akbar’s aunt.
• Gulbadan could write fluently in Turkish and Persian.
• When Akbar commissioned Abu’l Fazl to write a history of his reign, he requested his aunt to record her memoirs of earlier times under Babur and Humayun, for Abu’l Fazl to draw upon.

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• Janapada Geete

  • Karnataka's Janapada Geethe is a thriving music form.

  • Several folk epics were made by blending prose and verse parts.

  • The tribal people, in particular, had their own individual songs and styles for both social and religious occasions.

  • The Vachanas of Basavanna, an ardent Shaivaite whose verses were so lyrical that they were integrated into Janapada Sangita, are notable among folk music genres.

The correct answer is Seven years.

Key Points

• Akbarnama was completed by Abul Fazl in seven years.
• Abul Fazl started the writing of Akbarnama in 1589.
• It was written by Abul Fazl between 1589 and 1596.
• It is the most detailed history of the reign of Akbar.
• Akbarnama was initially completed in 1596, but its account was later continued up to 1601.
• Abul Fazl wrote a three-volume history of Akbar's reign titled, Akbarnama.
• The first volume dealt with Akbar's ancestors and the second volume recorded the events of Akbar's reign.
• The Ain-i-Akbari is the third book in the Akbarnama written during the reign of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar.
• The Ain-i-Akbari deals with Akbar's administration, household, army, revenues, and geography of his empire.
• The best-known accounts of illustrated Mughal official reports are the Akbarnama and the Babarnama.

The correct answer is Brahmi Script.

Key Points

• Brahmi
  • Brahmi is the writing system of ancient South Asia.
  • Languages in Brahmi script are Sanskrit, Prakrit, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Saka, Tocharian.
  • The theorized Semitic origins of the Brahmi script are not universally agreed upon.
  • Brahmi is an abugida that uses a system of diacritical marks to associate vowels with consonant symbols.
  • The origin of the script is still much debated.

Additional Information

• Ashoka was the third ruler of the Mauryan Dynasty and the Son of Bindusara.
• The Mauryan polity reached its greatest extent under his rule.
• His reign lasted from around 268 BCE to 232 BCE.
• Ashoka was among the earliest ruler to speak directly to his people.
• He chose the way of inscriptions for these and hence emerged the different forms of edicts.
• The inscriptions are in the form of 44 royal orders, there were several copies of each such order.
• The edicts were first deciphered by renowned archaeologist James Princep in 1837.
• Ashoka was identified as the author of those in the early 20th century.
• These are based on the types of material used, and they are four types
  • Major Rock Edicts
  • Minor Rock Edicts
  • Major Pillar Edicts
  • Minor Pillar Edicts
• One more category known as Kalinga rock edicts is found only in the Kalinga region and in the south.
• About Other Edicts

• Seven pillar edicts contain similar orders like his rules and principles of protecting the people.
• It also defines Dhamma and says it to be the minimum of sins, many virtues, compassion.
• Two other pillar inscriptions, Rumendei Pillar inscription is about Ashoka’s visit to Lumbini.
• As the place is associated with Lord Buddha, his birthplace, Ashoka reduced the taxation in that area by half through that inscription.
• Also, according to the Nigalisagar Pillar inscription, located originally at Kapilvastu.
• It says, the height of the stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.

There are eight types of Vivahs or Marriages as per Hindu tradition.

Zamindari System:

• One of the primary reasons for the cause of stagnation in India’s agricultural sector was the zamindari system. Hence, option A is correct.
• This agricultural system was mainly practiced in Bengal, which was the then capital of British India.
• As per this system, the majority of the profits went to landowners(not peasants), i.e. zamindars instead of cultivators. As a result, the colonial bosses ultimately made the most income, while such farmers were not remunerated adequately. Hence, options B and C are incorrect.
• These zamindars did not help to improve the agriculture sector but only wanted to reap its benefits.
• Even though economic conditions were degrading gradually, zamindars did not issue any rebates on tariffs. (Hence, option D is incorrect.) Moreover, such tariffs had unethical rules and guidelines that did not favor cultivators. For example, if cultivators did not pay their rent on time, the colonial leaders would repeal all of their rights.

• The Buddha
• Dhamma(dharma): his teaching
• Sangha: the community of all those who follow his teachings.

• ​Buddhism
  • It is faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama("the Buddha").
  • Siddhartha Gautam, the Lord Buddha was born in 563 B.C at Lumbini in Nepal.
  • Attained Nirvana under a Pipal tree at Bodh Gaya  & henceforth known as Buddha(The enlightened one).
  • Delivered his first sermon at Sarnath (Banaras) know called the Dhammacakkappavattana.
  • Died at the age of 80 at Kushinagar (U.P).
• Noble truth by Buddha
  • The world is full of sorrow.
  • People suffer on account of desires
  • If desires are conquered
• Nirvana can be achieved i.e., free from the cycle of birth and death can be achieved by following 8 fold path(ashtangika marga)
  • Right Understanding
  • Right Determination
  • Right Speech
  • Right Action
  • Right Livelihood
  • Right Exercise
  • Right Mindfulness
  • Right Medication
• Teaching by Buddha
  • Buddha was a practical reformer and did not believe in the soul or God or the metaphysical world and concerned himself with worldly problems.
  • Suggested that a person should avoid an excess of both luxury & austerity and prescribed a middle path.
  • Laid great emphasis on Karma(Varna based on action not on birth) & Ahimsa.
  • Opposed the varna system and laid down the principle of social equality.
• Buddhist Text
  • Tripitaka's: All written in Pali Language
  • Sutta-Pitaka
  • Vinaya-Pitaka
  • Abhidhamma-Pitaka
• Buddhist Councils

• Dvija, (Sanskrit: “twice-born”) in the Hindu social system, members of the three upper varnas, or social classes—the Brahmans (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors), and Vaishyas (merchants)—whose sacrament of initiation is regarded as a second or spiritual birth.
• The initiation ceremony (upanayana) invests the male initiates with a sacred thread, a loop worn next to the skin over the left shoulder and across the right hip.
• Members of the lowest Hindu varna, the Shudras (artisans and labourers), and people below the four-varna system altogether are regarded as theoretically ineligible to study or even to listen to the Vedas, a collection of hymns in archaic Sanskrit.
• Hence, statement 1st is correct.

The correct answer is Jahangir

Key Points

Jahangir

• Jahangir was the fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627.
• He is famous for his 'golden chain of justice'.
• A golden chain having 60 bells and weighing several 'maunds' was fastened between the Shahburj of Agra fort and a stone pillar raised on the banks of river Jamuna.
• The artist has enveloped the target in a dark cloud to suggest that this is not a real person, but a human form used to symbolise.
• Such a mode of personification in art and literature is termed allegory.
• The Chain of Justice is shown descending from heaven.
• This is how Jahangir described the Chain of Justice in his memoirs. Hence the correct answer is Jahangir.

The correct answer is Chandragupta II.

Key Points

• Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of Chandragupta II and her mother was Kuberanaga, of the Naga.
  •  One of the most important rulers in early Indian history.
  • She was married to Rudrasena II of the Vakataka Dynasty.
    • After his death in 390, she ruled as regent for her two young sons, Divakarasena and Damodarasena for twenty years with the help of her father.
• Chandragupta II ascended the throne after Ramgupta and assumed the title 'Vikramaditya'. 
  • He was a patron of art and literature since his court was adorned with Navaratnas including Kalidasa, the Shakespeare of India. 
  • He was the first Gupta ruler to have issued silver coins. 

Additional Information

• ​Chandragupta II :
  • He is also known by his title Vikramaditya was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta Empire in northern India.
  • The Gupta empire reached its zenith during the rule of Chandragupta.
  • The legendary figure of Vikramaditya is probably based on Chandragupta II (among other kings), and the noted Sanskrit poet Kalidasa may have been his court poet.
• The Gupta Empire :
  • The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire that existed from the early 4th century CE to the late 6th century CE.
  • At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent.
  • This period is considered the Golden Age of India by historians.
  • The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by the king Sri Gupta; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II alias Vikramaditya. 

The correct answer is Padre Rudolf Acquaviva.

Key Points

Rodolfo Acquaviva  -

• Rodolfo Acquaviva was an Italian Jesuit missionary and priest in India.
• Who served the court of Akbar the Great from 1580 to 1583
• Religious debates in the court were held in the presence of Padre Rudolf Acquaviva, he was the leader of the first Jesuit mission.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• He was killed in 1583 and beatified in 1893.
• The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534.
• The first Jesuits–Ignatius and six of his students–took vows of poverty and chastity and made plans to work for the conversion of Muslims.

The correct answer is Ramanujacharya.

• The first Bhakti Movement was organised by Ramanujacharya.

Key Points

• Bhakti movement 
  • The Bhakti Movement originated in the seventh century in Tamil, South India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards.
  • It swept over east and north India from the 15th century onwards reached its peak between the 15th and 17th centuries CE.
  • The first Bhakti Movement was organised by Ramanujacharya.​
    • ​He was an exponent of the Vishitadvaita philosophy.
• Founders of the Bhakti Movement in different parts of the country:

Additional Information

• Guru Nanak was the founder of the Sikh faith in India.
  • He named the formless God as Akal Purush.
  • His teachings are compiled in Adi‑Granth.
• Meerabai was a contributor to the Bhakti movement by her music.
• Ramdas was an exponent of Bhakti Yoga in the Bhakti movement.

The correct answer is Akbar.

Key Points

• Dahsala system - 
  • Raja Todar Mal, finance minister of Akbar, brought a new system of revenue collection known as the zabti system or dahshala system. 
  • Under this system, a careful survey of crop yields and prices that has been cultivated for a period of ten years was taken. 
  • This share of the state was determined for the various cate­gories of lands on the basis of the fertility of the soil and the produce of the last ten years. 
  • The land was divided into four categories -
    • Polaj - cultivated every year
    • Parauti - once in two years
    • Chachar - once in three or four years
    • Banjar - once in five or more years
  • Payment of revenue was made generally in cash. 

The correct answer is Dhammachakrapravartana.

•  Mahatma Buddha’s first sermon at Sarnath is called Dhammachakrapravartana.

​Key Points

• Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini, Shakya Republic, Nepal in 563 BC.
• Buddha gave his first lectures to the five monks.
• The first sermon is called the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.

Important Points

• He taught the Four Noble Truths:
  • the existence of suffering
  • the cause of suffering
  • that the cause of suffering can end
  • and the path to the end of suffering
• It was on Asalha Puja Day.​  

The correct answer is Abdul Qadir Badauni.

Key Points

• Abdul Qadir Badauni:
  • Abdul Qadir Badauni was an Indo-Persian historian and one of the most important writers in the history of the Mughal period in India.
  • Abdul Qadir Badauni lived in Basavar and studied at Sambhal and Agra.
  • In 1562, he moved to Badaun (hence his name) and then to Patiala, where he entered the service of a local prince, Husayn Khān, with whom he remained for 9 years.
  • After leaving this post, he continued his education, studying various Muslim mystics.
  • In 1574 he was presented to the Mughal emperor Akbar, who appointed him to a religious office at the court and gave him a pension.
  • Abdul Qadir Badauni translated the Ramayaṇa and the Mahabharata and many Sanskrit tales and the Hindu epics in Persian in accordance with the wishes of Akbar.

Additional Information

• Abul Fazl:
  • Abu al-Fazl was the historian at the court of Akbar.
  • He wrote a detailed history of Akbar’s reign which is known as Akbarnama.
  • Ain-I-Akbari is a part of it and deals with the rules and regulations of different administrative departments of the state.
  • In Ain-i Akbari, Abu al-Fazl explains the Mughal concept of kingship.
  • Abu al-Fazl calls royalty, “the divine light”  this light creates in the king paternal love for his subjects and increases his trust in God.
• Faizi:
  • Shaikh Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak, popularly known as Faizi.
  • He was the court poet in the court of Akbar, and the elder brother of Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, Akbar’s court historian, who wrote the well-known Akbarnama.
  • He composed significant poetic works in Persian and is ascribed by Badauni and his other contemporaries to have composed over a hundred poetic works, but all the titles are not known to us.
  • His Divan (collection of poems), was entitled Tabashir al-Subh.
  • His Divan comprises qasidas, ghazals, ruba'is and elegies.
  • The exaltation of pantheism in some of his lyrics brought on him the enmity of the -
• Abdur-Rahim Khan-i-Khana:
  • Khanzada Mirza Khan Abdul Rahim popularly known as simply Rahim and titled Khan-i-Khanan was a poet who lived in India during the rule of Mughal emperor Akbar, who was his mentor.
  • He was one of the nine important ministers (dewan) in his court, also known as the Navaratnas.
  • Rahim is known for his Hindi dohe (couplets) and his books on astrology.
  • The village of Abdur-Rahim Khan-i-Khana, which is named after him, is located in the Nawanshahr district of the state of Punjab, India.

The correct answer is Gautamiputra Satakarni.

Key Points

• Gautamiputra Satakarni was a ruler of the Satavahana dynasty. Gautamiputra literally means “son of Gautami”.
• He had the titles of Eka Brahamana, Trisamudradisvara and Agamanilaya.
• Satvahana King Gautamiputra Satakarni bears the Mother’s name.
• He was the first Satvahana king to do so.
• The source of information about Gautamiputra Satakarni is his coins, the Satavahana inscriptions, and the royal genealogies in the various Puranas.
• His mother's name was Gautami Balashri.
• Her Nasik Prasasti gives elaborated information about Gautamiputra Satakarni.
• Gautamiputra revived the Satavahana power after a decline caused by Shaka invasions.

Additional Information

• Simuka established the Satavahana Dynasty.
• They were the primary local Indian rulers to issue their coins with the representations of the rulers.
• This was begun by Gautamiputra Satakarni who determined the hone from the Western Satraps after vanquishing them.
• Simuka is specified as the primary lord in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at Naneghat.
• The different Puranas state that the primary ruler of the line specifies his title differently as Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, etc.
• The starting of the Satavahana run the show is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE. 
• Concurring to the Puranas, the primary Andhra lord toppled the Kanva run the show. He is named Balipuccha in a few writings.

The Correct Answer is Option 3 i.e Cornwallis.

• Zamindari System:
  • The Zamindars were made owners of the land where they earlier have been revenue collectors.
  • Since the settlement was made with the zamindars, it is known as the Zamindari Settlement.
  • The demand for land revenue was fixed and out of controlled revenue (10/11)th part was given to the company.
  • Sunset clause was also added for zamindars by the company.
  • It was introduced by Lord Cornwallis through Permanent Settlement Act 1793.
• Lord Curzon (1899-1905):
  • He served as the Viceroy of India.
  • He appointed a police commission in 1902 under Andrew Frazer.
  • He set up the universities' commission in 1902, headed by Thomas Raleigh and accordingly the Indian Universities Act of 1904 was passed
  • He was associated with the partition of Bengal in 1905.
  • He set up the department of Commerce and Industry.
• Lord Clive:
  • The Dual System of Government in  Bengal was introduced by Lord Clive.
  • Clive served twice as Governor of Bengal. 
  • He was the Governor of Bengal from 1757-60 and from 1765-67.
  • British East India Company won the Battle of Plassey, Battle of Chinsura and Battle of Buxar during his tenure.
• Lord Cornwallis (1786-93):
  • Introduced Civil Services in our country.
  • Established lower courts and appellate courts.
  • First person to codify laws in 1793.
  • Introduced permanent Settlement in Bengal.
  • He is also called as the father of civil service in India.

The correct answer is Timur.

Key Points

The Mughals and Their Empire 

• On their Mother's side, they were descendants of o Ghenghiz Khan while of Turkish Ruler Timur on their father's side. They called themselves Timurid.
• They referred to themselves as Timurids, descendants of the Turkish ruler Timur on the paternal side. Babur, the first Mughal ruler, was related to Ghenghiz Khan from his mother’s side.
• Hence the correct answer is option 1.
• He spoke Turkish and referred derisively to the Mongols as barbaric hordes.
• Their mother tongue was Turkish.

Important PointsBabar (1526-1530)

• His original name is Zahiruddin Muhammad.
• He belonged to the Timurid Dynasty (16th century) also called as Mughals.
• He was the first one who brought this dynasty to India.
• He was related to Timur from his paternal side. The Timur regions consisted of modern-day Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Iran.
• He was related to Chengiz Khan from the maternal side. The Chengiz region consisted of Western China and parts of central Asia.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• There has been a major change in social life towards the present rural development such as End of jajmani system, the traditional ties of castes weakened, dissolution of joint family etc.
• End of jajmani system has changed social life towards rural development.
• Jajmani system is a system of distribution whereby high caste land owning families are provided services and products of various lower castes such as Khati (Carpenter), Nai (Barber), Kumhars (Potters), Lobars (Blacksmiths), Dhobi (Washerman), Sweeper (Chuhra), etc.
• The influence of lifestyle, modern education, and western culture has become the barrier In jajmani system.
• The decline in the Jajmani system can be attributed to changes in hereditary occupation.
• The rapid expansions of means of transportation and communication have enabled the people to receive improved services somewhere else.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

Mir Saman:

• The Mir Saman was the officer in charge of the royal Karkhanas.
• He was responsible for all kinds of purchases and their storage for the royal household. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• He was also to supervise the manufacturing of different articles for the use of the royal household.

Additional Information

• Sadr-us Sudur:
  • The Sadr-us Sudur was the head of the ecclesiastical department.
  • His chief duty was to protect the laws of the Shariat.
  • The office of the Sadr used to distribute allowances and stipends to the eligible persons and religious institutions. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• Mir Bakshi:
  • Mir Bakshi looked after all matters pertaining to the military administration. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
  • The orders of appointment of mansabdars and their salary papers were endorsed and passed by him.
• Diwan-i-Kul:
  • Diwan-i Kul was the chief diwan.
  • He was responsible for revenue and finances. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.

The correct answer is Religious discrimination Tax

Key Points

A unifying force

• Mughal chronicles present the empire as comprising many different ethnic and religious communities Hindus, Jainas, Zoroastrians and Muslims.
• Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination.
• Hence the correct answer is option 3.
• Instructions were sent to officers of the empire to follow the precept of sulh-i kul in administration.
• All Mughal emperors gave grants to support the building and maintenance of places of worship.
• Even when temples were destroyed during the war, grants were later issued for their repair – as we know from the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
• However, during the reign of the latter, the jizya was re-imposed on non-Muslim subjects.

Additional Information

• Akbar was the third Mughal emperor who reigned from 1556 to 1605 AD.
• He started a new religion called 'Din-e-Illahi'. Birbal was the only follower of this religion.
• In the year 1562, he prohibited the custom of enslaving prisoners of war and selling their wives and children to the highest bidders in open bazaars.
• Qutab-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210) was the first ruler to introduce 'Jizya' on the non-Muslims.
• Feroz Shah Tughluq (1351-1388) imposed Jizya on the Brahmins and made it a separate tax.
• Aurangzeb (1658-1707) reintroduced the Jizya tax which was abolished by Akbar.

• He was an Indo-Persian Sufi mystic.  
• Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya was his spiritual disciple.
• He lived under different rulers of Delhi Sultanate.
• ‘Khaliq-e-bari’ was his magnum opus work. This work is known as the oldest printed dictionary in the world.
• He was also known as ‘father of qawwali’.
• ‘Tuti-i Hind’ or "Parrot of India" was his unofficial title.

• Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya is also known as Hazrat Nizamuddin, and Mahbub-e-Ilahi was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar, Sufi saint of the Chishti Order, and is one of the most famous Sufis from the Indian Subcontinent.
• His predecessors were Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki, and Moinuddin Chishti, who were the masters of the Chishti spiritual chain or silsila in the Indian subcontinent.
• Nizamuddin Auliya, like his predecessors, stressed love as a means of realising God.
• For him, his love of God implied a love of humanity.
• His vision of the world was marked by a highly evolved sense of religious pluralism and kindness.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Gujarat.

Key Points

• Buland Darwaza- "Door of victory" .
• The Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri was erected by Akbar to celebrate his conquest of Gujarat.
• It was built in 1575 A.D.
• It is the main entrance to the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri.
• It is made of red and buff sandstone and decorated by carving and inlaying of white and black marble.
• An inscription on the central face of the Buland Darwaza throws light on Akbar's religious tolerance and broadmindedness.
• It is semi-octagonal in plan and is topped by pillars and chhatris, echoing early Mughal design with simple ornamentation, carved verses from the Quran and towering arches.
• A Persian inscription on the eastern archway of the Buland Darwaza records Akbar's conquest over Deccan in 1601 A.D.

The correct answer is Charter Act 1813.

Key Points

The Charter Act of 1813, take up the greater role in the education of the Indians under them, it was to set aside Rs.1 Lakh for the education of Indians.

• The act provided a financial grant for the revival of Indian literature and the promotion of science.
• This Act asserted the crown’s sovereignty over British possessions in India.
• According to this act company’s rule was extended to another 20 years. Their trade monopoly was ended except for the trade in tea, opium, and with China.
• The act empowered the local governments to tax people subject to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Act gave more powers for the courts in India over European British subjects.
• One of the important features of this act was to grant permission to the missionaries to come to India and engage in religious proselytization. The missionaries were successful in getting the appointment of a Bishop for British India with his headquarters at Calcutta in the provisions of the Act.

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in 1857–58 against the rule of the British East India Company, which functioned as a sovereign power on behalf of the British Crown.

After the British were routed from Delhi, there was no uprising for almost a week.

• It took that much time for the news to travel. Then, a spurt of mutinies began.
• Regiment after regiment mutinied and took off to join other troops at nodal points like Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.
• In Lucknow, Birjis Qadr, the son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab.
• He too acknowledged the suzerainty of Bahadur Shah Zafar.
• His mother Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organising the uprising against the British. 

​Hence, Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organizing the uprising against the British at Lucknow.

The correct answer is the Inauguration of Banaras Hindu University (1916).

Key Points

• On 4 February 1916, Gandhiji’s made his first public appearance after returning from South Africa to BHU. Hence, Option 3 is correct.
• He addressed the audience in BHU, mostly consisting of impressionable youths, princes, bedecked and bejeweled, etc.
• The Maharaja of Darbhanga was in the chair.

Important Points

• Banaras Hindu University is an internationally reputed temple of learning, situated in the holy city of Varanasi.
• This Creative and innovative university was founded by the great nationalist leader, Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya, in 1916 with the cooperation of great personalities like Dr. Annie Besant, who viewed it as the University of India.
• Banaras Hindu University was created under the Parliamentary legislation - B.H.U. Act 1915.

Additional Information

• Champaran Satyagraha
  • In the Champaran district of Bihar, the cultivators were forced by Europeans to grow indigo.
  • They could not grow the food they needed, nor did they receive adequate payment for the indigo. 
  • Gandhi went to Champaran with Rajkumar early in 1917 to launch satyagraha.
• Ahmedabad Mill Strike
  • In 1918, it was one of the initial movements led by Gandhi.
  • In March 1918, under the leadership of Gandhi, there was a strike in the cotton mills.
  • In this strike, Gandhi used the weapon of hunger strike. 
• Rowlatt Satyagraha
  • It was in response to the British government enacting the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act. Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign against the Rowlatt Act.

• In 1927, the British government appointed Simon Commission to look into the working of the Government of India Act,1919.
• All its seven members were Englishmen.
• On 3 February 1928 when the Commission reached Bombay, a general hartal was observed all over the country.
• And they were greeted with black flags and the cries of 'Simon Go Back'.
• At Lahore, the students took out a large anti-Simon Commission demonstration on 30 October 1928 under the leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai.
• In this demonstration, Lala Lajpat Rai was seriously injured in the police lathi charge and he passed away after one month.
• The report of the Simon Commission was published in May 1930.
• It was stated that the constitutional experiment with Dyarchy was unsuccessful.
• And in its place, the report recommended the establishment of autonomous government.
• The Simon Commission Report became the basis for enacting the Government of India Act of 1935.

The correct answer is Ibadat khana.

Key Points

Formal Religion

• Akbar’s quest for religious knowledge led to interfaith debates in the ibadat khana at Fatehpur Sikri between learned Muslims, Hindus, Jainas, Parsis and Christians.
• Hence the correct answer is option 2.
• Akbar’s religious views matured as he queried scholars of different religions and sects and gathered knowledge about their doctrines.
• Increasingly, he moved away from the orthodox Islamic ways of understanding religions towards a self-conceived eclectic form of divine worship focused on light and the sun. 

• The Indian National Congress, on 19 December 1929, passed the historic ‘Purna Swaraj’ – (total independence) resolution – at its Lahore session.
• A public declaration was made on 26 January 1930 – a day which the Congress Party urged Indians to celebrate as ‘Independence Day.
• On December 31, 1929, Nehru hoisted the tricolor on the banks of the Ravi river and demanded “Poorna Swaraj” or complete self-rule, and the date set for independence was January 26, 1930.
• The day was then celebrated as Poorna Swaraj day for the next 17 years.
• The declaration was passed due to the breakdown of negotiations between leaders of the freedom movement and the British over the question of dominion status for India.
• In 1929, Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India, made a vaguely announced-referred to as the Irwin Declaration -  that India would be granted dominion status in the future.
• The Irwin Declaration triggered a backlash in England and told leaders in India that he could not promise dominion status anytime soon.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key PointsZamindars in Mughal India

• The zamindars were the people who did not directly participate in the processes of agricultural production, but they enjoyed high status in society.
• The zamindars considered their land as their property (milkiyat). They had control to sell, give and mortgage their property.
• They enjoyed many social and economic privileges because of their superior status in society.
• The zamindars belonged to the upper caste, which added to their exalted status in society. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• The zamindars rendered certain services (khidmat) for the state.
• As a result of their service, they received and attained higher positions in the state.
• The zamindars had the right to collect revenue on behalf of the state and also received financial compensation for this work. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• The zamindars had kept strict control over the military resources of the state. Hence, statement 4 is not correct.
• They kept a fortress and a well-knit armed unit comprising cavalry, artillery, and infantry.
• The zamindars also played a significant role in developing the agricultural land.
• They helped in the settlements of farmers by lending them money and agricultural instruments. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It resulted in an increase in agricultural production and the sale and purchase of land by the zamindars.
• There is also evidence that the zamindars held bazaars. The farmers came to these bazaars to sell their crops.
• If we observe the social relation of the village of the Mughal age as a pyramid, then zamindars were at the top. They occupied the highest position in society.
• No doubt the zamindars exploited the people, but their relations with the farmers depended on their mutual togetherness and hereditary part on age. So, they were able to get peasants in case of a revolt against the state.

The correct answer is Council entry.

Key Points

• The chief programmme of the Swaraj Party was Council entry.
• The Swaraj Party was established as the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party on 1 January 1923 by C R Das and Motilal Nehru. 
• The formation of the Swaraj party came after events like the withdrawal of non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi after the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922.

Additional Information

• The No-Changers or traditional Gandhians criticize the programme of council-entry and wanted congress to follow Gandhi's constructive programme. 
• The Swarajists or Pro-Changers wanted the constructive programme to be combined with a political programme of council-entry.
• The leaders of no-changers include Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, etc. The leaders of Pro-changers included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, Srinivasa Iyengar, etc.

The correct answer is Because the peaceful demonstration at Chauri-Chaura turned violent.

Key Points​

• The non-cooperation was launched on 5th September 1920 by the Indian National Congress (INC) under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi.
• In September 1920, in a Congress session in Calcutta, the party introduced the Non-Cooperation program.

Aim of the non-cooperation movement:

• It was the original mass movement with the participation of various sections of Indian society such as peasants, workers, students, teachers, and women.
• It observed the expanse of nationalism to the distant corners of India.
• It also signified the height of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of the alliance of the Khilafat movement.
• It displayed the willingness and ability of the masses to endure hardships and make sacrifices.

Important Points

Chauri Chaura Incident:

• The whole movement was abruptly summoned off on 11th February 1922 by Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident in the Gorakhpur district of UP.
• Earlier on 5th February, an angry mob set fire to the police station at Chauri Chaura and twenty-two policemen were burnt to death.
• Many top leaders of the country were surprised at this sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement. 
• Mahatma Gandhi was detained on 10 March 1922.

​
Additional Information

• Mahatma Gandhi started this movement because of the following reasons:
  • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and Resultant Punjab Disturbances in the whole Punjab region.
  • Dissatisfaction with Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1919.
  • The Khilafat Agitation.

The correct answer is Mandalay.

Key Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak was an Indian nationalist and an independent activist.
• He was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj.
• He was imprisoned in 1908.
• The judge gave him a six years jail sentence to be served in Mandalay, Burma and a fine of Rs. 1000.

 Thus, we can say that Bal Gangadhar tilak was imprisoned in 1908 in Mandalay.

The correct answer is Salt Satyagraha.

Key Points

• Gandhiji's famous Dandi March in March 1930 heralded the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement movement.
  • On March 12, 1930, Gandhiji set out from Sabarmati with 78 followers on a 241-mile march to the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea.
  • There, Gandhi and his supporters were to defy British policy by making salt from seawater.
  • At Dandi, thousands more followed his lead, and in the coastal cities of Bombay and Karachi, Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt.
  • Civil disobedience broke out all across India, soon involving millions of Indians, and British authorities arrested more than 60,000 people.
  • Gandhiji himself was arrested on May 5, but the satyagraha continued without him.
  • It was the start of the civil disobedience movement which commenced as Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law on the coastal town of Dandi on the Arabian Sea 
    • Dandi March is also known as Namak Satyagrah or Salt Satyagrah.
  • The Salt March was a 24-day Salt March, which was non-violent in nature, is historically significant as it led to the mass Civil Disobedience Movement.