First heart sound is LUBB, produced at the beginning of ventricular systole due to closing of tricuspid and bicuspid valve and it is a dull sound for long period while second heart sound is DUPP produced at the beginning of ventricular diastole due to closing of semilunar valves and it is sharp sound for short period

Acteyline choline is synthesis from parasymphatatic nervous system which decrease the action potantial of SA node . And sympathetic nero is system synthesis nonephinephrine which increase the heart rate . Increase of hart rate is called Tachycardia and decrease in heart rate is called Bradycardia.

Because systemic heart refers to systemic circulation of blood. Which is done only through the left auricles and left ventricles combine effort.

Heart block is an abnormal heart rhythm where the heart beats too slowly (bradycardia ). In this condition, the electrical signals that tell the heart to contract are partially or totally blocked between the upper chambers (atria) and the lower chambers (ventricles).

Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic arteries called arterioles. The arterioles play a key role in regulating blood flow into the tissue capillaries. About 10 percent of the total blood volume is in the systemic arterial system at any given time.

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is the term cardiologists use to describe a classic heart attack. It is one type of myocardial infarction in which a part of the heart muscle (myocardium) has died due to the obstruction of blood supply to the area.

Net filtration pressure is the dynamic equilibrium force, which is measured in the capsular space of the renal corpuscle, which determines how much water and small dissolved solutes leave the blood in the glomerulus. This movement depends on the interaction of a set of four forces:  glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP= 70mm Hg), capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP= 20 mm Hg), blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP= 30 mm Hg). NFP = GBHP - (CHP + BCOP); NFP is 20 mm Hg.

Increases in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure cause increases in net filtration pressure and GFR. However, increases in Bowman space hydrostatic pressure causes decreases in filtration pressure and GFR. Filtration fraction (FF) is the fraction of renal plasma flow (RPF) filtered across the glomerulus.

The Henle’s loop and vasa recta play a significant role in this. The flow of filtrate in the two limbs of Henle’s loop is in opposite directions and thus forms a counter current. The flow of blood through the two limbs of vasa recta is also in a countercurrent pattern. The proximity between the Henle’s loop and vasa recta, as well as the countercurrent in them, help in maintaining an increasing osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium, i.e., from 300 mOsmolL–1 in the cortex to about 1200 mOsmolL–1 in the inner medulla. This gradient is mainly caused by NaCl and urea. NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle’s loop which is exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta. NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the ascending portion of vasa recta.

The glomerular filtrate resembles the protein free plasma in composition and osmotic pressure.

The glomerular filtrate contains all the materials present in the blood except blood cells and most proteins, which are too large to cross the basement membrane of the glomerulus.

Hence, the filtrate is isotonic to blood plasma in the proximal convoluted tubule.

The excretory organ of cockroach is the malpighian tubules. amphixous excretory organs are solanocytes. Excretory organs of Prawn are known as green glands or antennal glands.and excretory organ of cockroach is holonephredia. Hence option a is correct.