Concept:

Green peace:

• Green Peace is a non-governmental environmental organisation with offices in over forty countries and has its headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• It was founded by Bill Darnell and Dorothy Stouce in 1971 in Vancouver, Canada.
• Green Peace is known for its direct actions and is one of the most visible environmental organisations in the world.
• The mission of Green Peace is to ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its diversity and focuses on worldwide issues,
• Such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic engineering and anti-nuclear issues.

Climate change:

• One of the main focuses of this organization is to stop increasing the temperature of this earth beyond then 1.5 degrees celsius so that earth does not face climate change.
• Greenpeace wants to put a stop to global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. 
• The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of CO₂ into the atmosphere.
• As a result, we have climate change and pollution.
• Green Peace believes that by preventing climate change, we can make the world a better place.

Deforestation:

• Greenpeace has been working with Indigenous allies to ensure the delineation of their territories.
• It helps to expose the horrible violence perpetrated by loggers and land grabbers against forest defenders.
• They have also been advocating for zero deforestation and pressuring the government to strengthen forest protection.

Promoting peace:

• Greenpeace is an independent campaigning group.
• It is using peaceful protest and creative confrontation to raise awareness of global environmental issues.
• It pushes solutions that are critical to a green and peaceful future.

Thus, Green Peace is a non-governmental environmental organisation that focuses on deforestation, climate change, and promoting peace.

Important PointsMission and Statement Vision of Green Peace:

• Climate change is one of the most threatening scenarios for both human and non-human life forms.
• Protecting our marine reserves by defending our oceans.
• Protecting the forest biodiversity.
• Creating a toxin-free future by decreasing the use of hazardous chemicals.
• Encouraging a campaign for sustainable agriculture by encouraging better farming practices.
• Promoting peace, disarmament and non-violence.

Concept:

Eco-Feminism:

• Ecofeminism describes movements and philosophies that link feminism with ecology.
• This movement seeks to eradicate all forms of social injustice, not just injustice against women and the environment.
• Its advocates say that paternalistic/capitalistic society has led to a  harmful split between nature and culture.
• Ecofeminism believes that "feminine" values such as reciprocity, nurturing and cooperation, are present both among women and in nature.

Explanation:

Khejarli Movement - Amrita Devi : Correct

• Khejadli village is near Jodhpur in Rajasthan.
• The village got its name because of the many Khejadi trees that grew there.
• Amrita Devi Bishnoi, a local woman, objected to the tree-felling because it was against the Bishnoi's faith to do so.
• In the year 1730, Amrita Devi (Beniwal) and her three daughters, Asu, Ratni, and Bhagu, gave their lives to prevent green trees from being cut by the Maharaja of Jodhpur at Khejarli in Marwar, Rajasthan. 
• More than 363 other Bishnois died in the defence of the Khejri trees, along with her.

Love Canal - Lois Gibbs : Correct

• Near Niagra Falls, New York, there is a love cannel.
• This plant community was established in 1890.
• After that, this cannel became a chemical corporation.
• They dump tonnes of polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, and other chemical risks there (about 43,700 lb).
• The biggest environmental disaster occurred in 1970.
• This chemical hazard causes a variety of public health problems, including leukaemia.
• Lois Gibbs is the first environmental activist to bring the love canal disaster to the notice of others.
• She has petitioned for the removal of families living near the love canal so that they are not affected by the health issues caused by the chemical.

Chipko Movement - Vandana Shiva : Incorrect

• In India, it was a campaign to save the forests.
• The movement began in 1973 in Uttarakhand's Himalayan area.
• It since become a rallying point for many other environmental campaigns across the world.
• In India, it established a precedent for nonviolent protest.
• Sunderlal Bahuguna contributed to the movement's rise to prominence by leading a 5,000-kilometer trans-Himalaya march from 1981 to 1983.
• He travelled from village to village, gaining support for the movement.
• Vandana Shiva is a social activist and scientist from India.
• Dr Vandana Shiva started her ecology movement by volunteering with the famous Chipko movement.
• She has been at the forefront of the fight against the imposition of genetically modified seeds on Indian farmers by global conglomerates.
• Vandana Shiva always believed that women have a connection with the environment as they interact with nature far more than men on a daily basis.

Additional Information

Medha Patkar - Narmada Bachao Andolan

• Medha Patkar is an Indian social activist known for her work with the displaced people and sufferers impacted by the Narmada Development project.
• She organized marches and civil protests against the Government for dismantling the Sardar Sarovar Dam in Southeastern Gujarat.
• She strived for the rejuvenation of livelihood for the homeless people caused by the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Project.
• She succeeded in her endeavour when World Bank, the grant provider of the project withdrew from the project. 

Explanation:

Shallow ecology:

• Shallow ecology was coined by Arne Naess in 1973.
• Shallow Ecology doesn't articulate the fundamental principles of Deep Ecology.
• The ecologists who believe in 'Shallow Ecology' wish to save, conserve and protect the world and environment, only for the human needs.
• The motive behind the conservation actions is selfish.
• In shallow ecology, ecologists are mainly not concerned with saving the environment for its innate value but because the environment would be useful to man in many forms.
• For example, it believes in saving the forests as trees give us oxygen, better rainfall, the better quality of air and tourists enjoy the greenery of the forest to encourage tourism in return.
• Thus shallow ecology is ecology based on saving the world and environment so that the environment gives benefits to human life in return.

​Thus, shallow ecology aims at saving and protecting the environment for humans' needs only. 

Additional InformationDeep ecology:

• Deep ecology is an environmental philosophy and social movement.
• It argues that the natural world is a subtle balance of complex interrelationships in which the existence of an organism is dependent on the existence of others within the ecosystem.
• Deep Ecology consists of two words Deep and Ecology.
• Deep as it looks deeply into the actual reality of human relationship with the whole natural world which is more conclusive than that of the prevailing view of ecology as a branch of "Biology'.
• The world does not exist as a resource to be freely exploited by humans except to meet basic human needs, humans have no authority to limit diversity.​
• It aims at conserving and saving nature for the inherent aim of maintaining and conserving the environment. 

​Sustainable Development (SD):

• The concept of “sustainable development” came into general usage after the Brundtland Commission Report (1987).
• The concept of sustainable development was emphasised by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).​
• Brundtland stated that "sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
• SD enables the present generation to use natural resources judiciously so that their availability is ensured for future generations too.
• The United Nations 2005 World Summit outcome document refers to three "interdependent and mutually reinforcing pillars" of sustainable development

Concept:

Stewardship of Land:

• Stewardship of the land is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources.
• It calls upon everyone in society to take responsibility for protecting and conserving natural resources through conservation and sustainable practices.
• The stewardship of the land is based on concepts of responsibility and care for the resource which is land.
• Management of land is essential for the benefit of future generations.

Explanation:

The practice of stewardship has three levels which are:

Conservation Easement:

• The conservation easement 'runs with the land' meaning it is applicable to both present and future owners of the land.
• It refers to monitoring and enforcement of conservation easement and limiting development on private properties which have significant conservation values.
• There can be different casement purposes like:
  • Maintain and improve water quality.
  • Foster the growth of healthy forests.
  • Maintain and improve wildlife corridors.
  • Ensuring that the lands are managed properly so that they are available for sustainable agriculture and forestry. 

Land Management:

• Land management refers to the process of managing the use and development of land in both rural and urban areas.
• The land is used for a variety of purposes which are organic agriculture, water management, eco-tourism projects, and ecological health.
• Land management refers to the best use of land.
• It covers all activities concerned with the management of land as a resource, both from environmental and from economic perspectives.
• It can include farming, mineral extraction, property and estate management and the physical planning of towns etc.
• Management is the human activity meaning the action of people working together with the aim to accomplish desired goals.

Community stewardship:

• The next level of stewardship refers to stewardship that is responsible for planning and management of resources as a community's responsibility to value the development programmes and objectives to protect the community's region's landscape.
• Community stewardship ensures to the sustainability of both, natural resources and human life in that area.
• The community shall work for the management of natural resources in partnership to develop the regional or community landscape. 

Thus, Stewardship of Land is an ethic for the protection and management of land, to save and protect it for present and future needs. It has three levels.

Concept:

​Green politics:

• Green politics can be defined as a political ideology whose aim is to create an ecologically sustainable society whose roots lie in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy.
• It began in the western world in 1970.
• Supporters of Green Politics share ideas with ecology conservation, environmentalism, feminism and peace movements.
• Green politics, often known as ecopolitics, is a political theory based on ecology and other social issues.
• The party is typically considered left-wing on the political spectrum.

Explanation:

Green politics aim:

Environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy

• Environmentalism is a philosophy that emphasises humans' need to respect, defend, and preserve the natural environment from anthropogenic (human-caused) diseases.
• At all levels, improve democratic institutions and ensure transparency and accountability in governance, as well as broad involvement in decision-making and access to justice.
• Incorporate the knowledge value and skills required for a sustainable way of living into formal education and lifelong learning.
• Green politics also promote tolerance, non-violence, democracy and peace.
• It also says that treat all living organisms with the same respect and care.

Thus, Green politics aim is to create an ecologically sustainable society whose roots lie in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice and democracy.

The correct answer is Using public transport.

• Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

• Using non-renewable sources of energy: Using non-renewable energy sources like coal and fossil fuel leads to its exhaustion, it making it unavailable to future generations.
• Leaving lights and fans on while unattended: Leaving lights and fans on while unattended results in wastage of electricity which in turn leads to an increase in carbon footprint.
• Using public transport: Using public transport as opposed to personal transport leads to decreased emission and fuel uptake per capita.
• Leaving the tap on: Leaving the tap on results in water shortage and scarcity.

​Thus, using public transport is an environmentally sustainable practice.

Explanation:

Eco-Feminism:

• Eco-feminism was coined as a term in 1970s.
• As the word suggests the environment movement involved the participation of women, specifically for the preservation and conservation of the environment.
• Women worked in efforts to protect wildlife, food, air and water.
• The term was coined by French writer Francoise d'Eaubonne.
• Women and nature share a history of oppression and exploitation by society, so the Eco Feminists saw the deep connection between nature and women's exploitation.
• Eco-Feminism examines the connection between women and nature, it uses the basic feminist tenets of equality between genders, respect for organic processes, and holistic connections.
• The aim of the movement was to create a commitment to the environment and awareness about the deep relationship between women and nature.
• This philosophy emphasises the way both women and nature are treated by the male-centred or patriarchal society.
• They contend that women have a more intimate relationship with nature because of their roles.
• The Green Belt, Chipko Movement and Love Canal all had one common thing which was the strong leadership of women.
• For example, she as a family nurtures young ones during pregnancy.
• Issues addressed by Eco Feminism are:
  • Water pollution Deforestation
  • Toxic waste dumping
  • Agricultural development
  • Animal rights
  • Nuclear weapon policies

Thus, Eco-Feminism was coined by Francoise d' Eavbonne

Additional Information

Gary Snyder:

• Gary Snyder is a writer from the United States.
• He is most recognised as a poet, but he is also an essayist, educator, and anarcho-primitivist environmental activist.
• Snyder is a Pulitzer Prize and American Book Award winner for poetry.
• He is a supporter of deep ecology.

Karl Max:

•   German philosopher Karl Heinrich Marx FRSA, was a political economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, and socialist revolutionary who lived from 1818 to 1848.
• Karl Marx developed an economic theory that focuses on the battle between capitalists and workers.
• He propounded the Marxist theory of ecology.

Bill Darnell:

• He is one of the founder members of the Greenpeace organization. 

The correct answer is 1970.

• The first Earth Day was celebrated in 1970.
  • The first Earth Day is credited with starting the modern environmental movement and is now recognized as the planet's largest civic event.
  • Every year on April 22, Earth Day marks the anniversary of the birth of the modern environmental movement in 1970.

Key Points

• Purpose of Earth Day:
  • To build the world's largest environmental movement to bring about transformative change for people and the planet.
• The mission of the movement is to "diversify, educate and activate the environmental movement around the world."

Concept:

Karl Max:

• Karl Marx belonged to an era when nature was taken for granted and people were yet to witness environmental problems.
• He believed in the principle that he considered the environment to be a medium for human labour.
• He believed man is superior to nature and nature was a material which is to be used for man's needs.
• Though he considered human beings were just a part of nature, the destiny of nature was shaped and dependent on man's labour.
• Marx's prediction was that humans would influence nature and in turn, be influenced by it.
• A man could use science and technology to control nature and nature would be dependent on it.
• He believed that the on-going environmental degradation is the result of a destructive economic and political system.

Explanation:

Eco-Marxism schools of thought:

• There are two schools of thought based on Marx's view, i.e. Humanist group and the Orthodox group.
• The Humanist group believed that the scale of production must be curtailed to preserve the environment.
• There could be an urgent need to limit the production to limit the destruction of the environment.
• The Orthodox group believed that science and technology can control nature and hence must be promoted.
• Through this, we can attain knowledge about components, and habitats of nature and save them for future generations.
• It is thought that the two are linked since a man's body and psyche "life" through nature, and vice versa.
• The ideology focuses on applying the philosophical school of dialectics to the interaction between man and nature.
• It deals with destructive economics and political system.
• The humanist group believed in controlling the pollution before it actually happened rather than cleaning after it has happened. 

Thus, based on Marx's view, the humanist group believed in preserving the environment by reducing pollution emissions.

The correct answer is the World Wildlife Fund. 

Key Points

• World Wildlife Fund is an international non-government organization established in 1961 and headquartered at Gland, Switzerland. 
• It aims at Preservation and reduction of human impact on the environment. 
• It is the world's largest conservative organization. 
• Its Prime objective is to conserve the world's biological diversity, ensuring the use of renewable resources and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. 
• Its logo is a giant panda named after Chi-Chi.

Important Points

• It publishes various reports like the living planet report. 
• It is also responsible for the organization of earth hour. 
• The living planet report is published biennially since 1998.