The halogen which has higher value of standard reduction potential will be the strongest oxidizing agent. Standard reduction potentials of halogens are positive and decrease from fluorine to iodine. So, F₂ is the strongest oxidizing agent.

Reluctance in tendency of s-electrons to participate in bonding is called inert pair effect and due to this stability of higher oxidation state increases down the group and that of lower oxidation state increases down the group. Lower oxidation state in carbon family is +2 while higher oxidation state is +4. Thus, stability of +2 oxidation state decreases while that of +4 oxidation state increases.

Aluminium oxide is a highly stable oxide of aluminium. Thus, it is chemically inert. Metal oxides can be reduced to the corresponding metal by using a suitable reducing agent. But the choice of the reducing agent depends upon the reactivity of the metal. If the metal to be produced is a very reactive metal like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and aluminium, then the reduction of the oxide can be done by only the electrolytic method.

The oxides of less reactive metals like zinc, iron etc. are reduced by a number of reducing agents like carbon or coke or carbon monoxide.

This is why aluminium is extracted from its ore bauxite by electrolytic reduction. The bauxite ore is first converted into alumina which is then converted into aluminium by the electrolysis of mixture of alumina and cryolite via the Hall and Heroult process.

From the structure it is clear that it has 3 P - OH bonds which can produce three H+ ions per molecule of H₃PO₄ in aqueous solution. Hence, basicity is three.

Ammonium chloride reacts with potassium nitrite to produce nitrogen gas, potassium chloride and water.

[Ag(H₂O)₂][Ag(CN)₂]

IUPAC name : diaquasilver(I)dicyanidoargentate(I)

Ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) ion is a hexadented ligand having four donor oxygen atoms and two donor nitrogen atoms

According to spectrochemical series, the order of ligand field strength is

Thus, the complex is sp³ hybridised with tetrahedral geometry and diamagnetic in nature.