The histology of wall of trachea has four layers. They are mucosa, submucosa, cartilaginous layer and tunica adventia.

When trachea enters the thoracic cavity it divides into two branches called primary bronchus. Primary bronchus branches into terminal bronchioles which further divide to form respiratory bronchioles.

Radon, asbestos, nickel, cadmium, chromium can lead to lung cancer, whereas Samarium can be used to treat lung cancer.

Lung diseases affecting airways: asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis. 
Lung diseases affecting air sac(alveoli): pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, lung cancer etc. Lung diseases affecting the interstitium: inerstitial lung disease, pneumonia etc.

The pancreas is a single flat, leaf-like structure, yellowish in colour. It is present between the ascending and descending limb of duodenum and opens into duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

Certain vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E acts as antioxidants. Antioxidants are those chemicals which decrease oxidative damage to the tissues.

Opening of floral buds is called Anthesis whereas Reception of pollen by stigma is called pollination & process of formation of pollen grains is called micro-sporogenesis.

The diffusion of carbondioxide occurs from the cells into the tissue fluid. From the tissue fluid it diffuses into the capillaries which fuses together to form the veins carrying deoxygenated blood.

During heavy breathing, the elastic forces are not powerful enough to cause the necessary rapid expiration so extra force is achieved by the contraction of abdominal muscles, which pushes the abdominal contents upwards against the bottom of the diaphragm, thereby compressing the lungs.

An organism that will not grow on a minimal medium but requires the addition of some compound like an amino acid or vitamin is called auxotroph. It is a mutant of prototroph.

Power rating of the heater, P = 1000 W 

Now, this heater is operated at 250 V. 

P = VI 

∴ I = P/V = 1000/250 = 4 A

Here charge on electron, e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ 

Power of one motor = 24 W 

Operating voltage of one motor = 12 V 

We know that, 

P = VI 

I = P/V = 2 A 

Now, charge passing through one motor in one second: 

q = I × t = 2 × 1 = 2 C (t = 1s) 

Therefore, number of electrons moving through one motor 

N = q/e = 2 / 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ = 1.25 × 10¹⁹ 

Now number of electrons passing through 4 motors will be = 4 × 1.25 × 10¹⁹ = 5 × 10¹⁹

The magnetic susceptibility of a material is a measure of the ‘ease’ of that material can be magnetized. Diamagnetism in atoms and compounds (ignoring superconductors) arises from the response of paired electrons in the atomic structure.  This is largely temperature independent because there is a large energy (temperature) barrier between the ground state (used to calculate diamagnetic susceptibility) and excited states (at least those which would contribute to the diamagnetic susceptibility).

In the blast furnace, the zone of reduction reduces iron oxide by CO gas up to 1123 K, above 1123 K iron oxide is reduced by coke.

Electrophile can be either neutral or positively charged species and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a nucleophile.