• Continuous exposure to harmful substances, gases, fumes, and dust in the environment, where a person works results in occupational respiratory disorders.
• Silicosis and asbestosis are the occupational respiratory disorders which are caused due to continuous exposure to silica and asbestos dust at the workplace.
• Symptoms are serious lung damage due to fibrosis of the upper part of the lungs, i.e., the proliferation of fibrous tissues, causing inflammation, i.e., swelling and redness of lungs.
• Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disorder which is caused by excessive cigarette smoking. In this disorder, the walls of alveoli are damaged due to excessive smoking and bronchioles and alveoli walls lose their elasticity.
• About 20-25% CO₂ is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin.
• The pneumotaxic center is located in the upper part of the pons. The pneumotaxic center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing.
• The pneumotaxic center is located in the upper part of the pons. The pneumotaxic center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing.
• Strong neural signals from the pneumotaxic center in the pons region of the brain can reduce the duration of inspiration to 0.5 secs while weak signals can increase the duration of inspiration to 5 secs.

• Vital capacity (VC) is defined as the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forceful expiration or the maximum volume of air a person can breathe out after a forceful inspiration.
• VC includes Expiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume, and Inspiratory Reserve Volume. Its value ranges from 3500-4500 ml.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume is an extra volume of air, a person can expire by forceful expiration.
• During normal breathing, the volume of air inspired or expired is known as Tidal volume.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume is defined as the extra volume of air, a person can inspire by forceful inspiration. 
• Residual Volume is the volume of air which remains in the lungs even after the forceful expiration. 
• Total Lung capacity is the total volume of air present in the lungs and the respiratory passage after a maximum inspiration. It is the combination of vital capacity and residual volume.

the correctly paired hormones are- 

A) CRH - stimulates ACTH secretion 

B) GnRH - stimulates secretion of FSH and LH 

C) TRH - stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin

Calcitonin is secreted by thyroid gland and is secreted when calcium level is high in the blood. It then lowers the calcium level by suppressing release of calcium ions from the bones. It is a peptide hormone made up of 32 amino acids.

The contraceptives pills inhibit ovulation and implantation. They are very effective with lesser side effects. They contain either progestin (progesterone) alone or a combination of progesterone and oestrogen. They are of two types : mini pills and combined pills. For example, Saheli is an example of mini pills which contain only progesterone. Combined pills like Mala D and Mala N contain synthetic progesterone and oestrogen to check ovulation. J

• The yellow colour in the stools of the infant is quite yellowish when bile pigments from the bile juice are passed on.
• The yellowish colour comes from the digestive juices, bile and gut bacteria in infants.
• Bile Juice is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids (fat) in the small intestine.
• In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile) and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile).
• Gut flora, or gut microbiota, or gastrointestinal microbiota, is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans.

• Indigestion is the condition, in which food is not properly digested leading to a feeling of fullness.
• The causes of indigestion are inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food poisoning, overeating, and spicy food. 
• Vomiting is the ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.
• The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and increased liquidity of the fecal discharge is known as diarrhea.
• In jaundice, bile pigments like bilirubin, increase in the blood causing yellowness in skin and eyes.

In human tongue, taste papillae are of three types- 

i. Circumvallate papillae 

ii. Fungiform papillae 

iii. Foliate papillae

Pepsin is the active protein-digesting enzyme of the stomach. Pepsin acts on protein molecules by breaking the peptide bonds that hold the molecules together. Digestion of protein is completed in the small intestine by the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.

Trypsin is a serine protease from the PA clan super family, found in the digestive system of many vertebrates, where it hydrolyzes proteins. Trypsin is formed in the small intestine when its proenzyme form, the trypsinogen produced by the pancreas, is activated. Trypsin cleaves peptide chains mainly at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine or arginine, except when either is followed by proline. It is used for numerous biotechnological processes. The process is commonly referred to as trypsin proteolysis or trypsinisation, and proteins that have been digested/treated with trypsin are said to have been trypsinized.

Higher the electronegativity of the element, higher will be the acidity of its oxoacid. Since electronegativity decreases down the group, so the correct decreasing order of oxoacids is 

HNO₃ > H₃PO₄ > H₃AsO₄ > H₃SbO₄

Coordination number is the number of atoms or ions immediately surrounding a central atom in a complex or crystal. Beryllium does not exhibit coordination number of more than four since its valence shell has only 4 orbitals; one s and 3 p. The remaining elements of this group can show a coordination number of six due to availability of vacant d- orbitals.

Physisorption is not specific to any gas since it involves van der wal forces and no specific bonds are formed.