Pharyngitis occurs in the pharynx, often called sore throat and is accompanied by tonsillitis (enlargement of tonsils).

Streptococcal pneumonia is now considered an opportunistic infection—that is, it is contracted from one’s own normal microbiota. 

It is caused by the gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae, normally found in the upper respiratory tract.

Whooping cough vaccine DPT(Diptheria Pertussis Tetanus) can immunize infants .

Influenza commonly called flu is highly infectious disease affecting the mucus membrane of nose, throat, upper respiratory tract and is caused by many kinds of viruses such as myxoviruses.

Widal’s test is test for the presence of agglutinins to antigens of Salmonella typhi(causative agent of typhoid) in the serum of patients.

Typical pneumonia has a bacterial origin (most frequently-Streptococcus pneumoniae) with fairly consistent signs and symptoms. If the symptoms of pneumonia are different from what is typicallyobserved, the disease is often called atypical pneumonia.One cause of atypical pneumonia is Mycoplasma pneumonia.

• Hypoprothrombinemia is a rare blood disorder in which a deficiency in immunoreactive prothrombin (Factor II), produced in the liver, results in an impaired blood clotting reaction, leading to an increased physiological risk for spontaneous bleeding.
• This condition can be observed in the gastrointestinal system, cranial vault, and superficial integumentary system, affecting both the male and female population. Prothrombin is a critical protein that is involved in the process of hemostasis, as well as illustrating procoagulant activities.
• Hypoprothrombin anaemia also known as bleeding disease is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin K. 

Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. It also causes incomplete ossification at the end of limb bones and deformed ribs leading to pigeons breast.

Release of enzymes from the Leiberkuhn’s crypts is facilitated by the enzyme enterocrinin in the intestine. The others are carried out by different enzymes but all in the stomach.

Animals that feed upon organic matters present in the humus are known as detritus. Omnivorous are those that feed on both plants and animals. Coprophagus are those that feed on their own faeces.

Ellingham diagrams are plots of ∆_fG (metal oxide) versus T for the formation of oxides, halides and sulphides. 

The plot of ∆G˚ versus temperature for the formation of oxides of elements is called Ellingham diagram. The plots of ∆_fG (metal oxide) per mole of oxygen versus temperature are useful in deciding the reducing agent and temperature for reducing a specific metal oxide.

In the extraction of aluminium, a mixture of 3-5% Al₂O₃, 3-8% CaF₂(flux), 80-85% cryolite, Na₃AlF₆ (main electrolyte) and 3-8% AlF₃ is electrolysed using steel cathode lined with carbon and graphite anode. Molten Al (99.5% pure) is trapped from the bottom. This method is commonly known as Hell-Heroult method.

In carboxylic acid, the carbonyl carbon is even more electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone. However, there is also an acid proton form the carboxylic acid that can react with hydride reagents. For this reason, sodium borohydride cannot reduce a carboxylic acid.

In chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and chloroethene, lone pair of halogen is delocalized with bonds so it attains double bond character. Thus, these are not suitable as a halide component for Friedel-Crafts reaction. Other halides i.e. chloro and bromobenzene along with chloroethene have carbon halogen bond as partial double bond.

3p subshell contains 6 electrons.